Experimental-report PH1026 Pham Tri Linh 20202756 PDF

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111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1 HANOI UNIVERSITY OR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS -----    -----

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT Department of General Physics Instructor: Prof. Dr. Dang Duc Dung Name: Phạ m Trí Linh ID: 20202756 Group: 6 Class: 709372

Hanoi, 2022

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CONTENTS 1. Experiment 1………………………………………………………………3 2. Experiment 2………………………………………………………………7 3. Experiment 3………………………………………………………………11 4. Experiment 4………………………………………………………………24 5. Experiment 5………………………………………………………………41 6. Experiment 6………………………………………………………………45

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Experimental Report 1 MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE, CAPACITANCE, INDUCTANCE AND RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF RLC USING OSCILLOSCOPE

Verification of the instructors

I.

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT: - Understanding a typical circuit and the manner to use the equipment including oscilloscope and function operator in electronic engineering namely measuring the physical parameters of the resistor, capacitor, and inductor as well as the resonant frequency of RLC circuit.

II.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Resistance measurement Trial

f (Hz)

1

500

1506

2

1000

1511

3

1500

1512

2. Capacitance measurement

Trial 1

f(Hz) 1000

2192 3

2

2000

1106

3

3000

716

3. Inductance measurement Trial

f(Hz)

1

10000

98

2

20000

198

3

30000

291

4. Determination of resonant frequency

III. 1.

Trial

Series RLC circuit

Parallel RLC circuit

1

16737

16737

2

16741

16718

3

16739

16722

DATA ANALYSIS Resistance measurement

Hence

2.

Capacitance measurement

Hence

3.

Inductance measurement 4

Hence

4.

Determination of resonant frequency a) Series RLC circuit

Hence

b) Parallel RLC circuit

Hence

c) Theoretical result Theoretically, we can calculate the resonant frequency of RLC circuit by the formula. With , , we get:

The theoretical result of resonant frequency is approximately equal to the directly measured results. We can see that the RLC circuit (with properly small resistance) becomes a good approximation to an ideal LC circuit.

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Experimental Report 2 MEASUREMENT OF MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A SOLENOID WITH FINITE LENGTH

Verification of the instructors

I. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT - Investigate the magnetic field at a position along the axis of solenoid. - Investigate the relationship between the magnetic field and the current through the solenoid. II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Investigation of the magnetic field at the position along the axis of solenoid

x (cm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.86 1.01 1.10 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19

x (cm) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19

x (cm) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1.18 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.14 1.11 1.05 0.92 0.63

2. Measurement of the relationship between the magnetic field and the current through the solenoid 6

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35

0.75 0.97 1.19 1.41 1.64

0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

1.89 2.1 2.35 2.57 2.81

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field I = 0,4 (A) 0 15 30

0,80 1.85 0.94

III. DATA ANALYSIS 1. Relationship between the magnetic field and the position of the probe inside the solenoid

1.4 1.2

B (mT)

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

x (cm)

Error bar: horizontal: vertical Comment: The graph shows that the magnetic field inside a solenoid depends on the position of the probe inside. The magnitude of the magnetic field increases from x=0 (cm )to x=9 (cm), and then stable until x=20 (cm), then decreases with exact the same pace as it increase. The graph is symmetric around the point x=15 (cm)

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2. Relationship between the magnetic field and the current through the solenoid 3 2.5

B (mT)

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

I (A)

Error bar: horizontal: , vertical Comment: The graph shows that the magnitude of the magnetic field and the voltage has a linear relationship. As the current increases, the magnetic rises as well.

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical magnetic field We have

In this case,

Case 1: x = 0 (cm) ;

Case 2: x = 15 (cm) ;

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Case 3: x = 30 (cm) ;

Comparison between theoretical values and experimental values x(cm) 0 15 30

0,89 1,76 0,89

0,80 1,85 0,94

Compare with the obtained result in the experiment: The result from the experiment is approximately close the theoretical values. The different due to the uncertainty of the instruments used.

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Experimental Report 3 INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS OF RL AND RLC CIRCUITS

Verification of the instructors

I.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT - Understanding the current across an inductor-resistor and the RLC circuits. - Calculating the energy of the oscillation RLC circuit.

II.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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Experimental Report 4 VERIFICATION OF FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Verification of the instructors

I.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: - The purpose of this activity is to measure the voltage across a coil of wire when a bar magnet through the coil of wire. Compare the voltage to the number of turns of wire in the coil.

II.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

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Experiment Report 5 INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (MICROWAVE)

Verification of the instructors

I.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Evaluating both qualitative and quantitative results of transmitting and receiving microwave. II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Investigation of straight-line propagation of microwaves Observation:  When the receiver is aligning with the rail (the transmitter and receiver are facing each other), the voltmeter shows the maximum value.  When the receiver moves far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to the rail), the value of voltmeter decreases. Conclusion:  Microwave propagates best in a straight line. 2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves Observation:  When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between transmitter and receiver, the voltmeter slightly decreases Conclusion:  Microwaves can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.  Not all the microwaves will penetrate through the dry absorption plate, a part of them will be absorbed by the absorption plate. 3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves Observation: 12

 When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between transmitter and receiver, the voltmeter shows a value that very small compared to the value when the absorb plate is absent. In this case, the voltmeter shows a value approximate 0. Conclusion:  Most of microwave will not go through the reflection plate. 4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves Observation: 30 40 50 60

62 78 93 122  When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails, the voltmeter shows maximum value.

Conclusion:  Microwave reflects best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection plate is the bisector of an angle created by the transmitter and receiver. 5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves Observation:  When the angle created by 2 rails is 150, the voltmeter shows the maximum value.  As turning the receiver to different angle, the value of voltmeter decreases. Conclusion:  Microwave refracts best with angle of 150 6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves Observation:  When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the voltmeter increase  When the plate is between the probe and the transmitter, the value on the voltmeter is approximate 0. 13

 When the probe is moved on the horizontal plane, the value slightly increase Conclusion:  Microwaves has diffraction properties. 7. Investigation of interference of microwaves Observation:  When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the voltmeter is oscillating. Number of maxima = 3. Conclusion: Microwave has property of interference. 8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves Observation:  When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the voltmeter is slightly decreasing  When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the voltmeter is approximate zero  When the grating is aligned at 45o, the value on the voltmeter is higher than vertical case, but lower than horizontal case Conclusion:  When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and receiver, the microwave (electromagnetic) will be polarized as shown in fig 1.

Figure 1

Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we receiver is Voltage. Therefore: 14

 With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is big.  With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is very small (approximate to 0).  With 45o inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and horizontal wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is smaller than when we use vertical polarization grating and bigger than when we use horizontal polarization grating. 9. Determining wavelength of standing waves Trial 1 2 3

x1(mm)

x2(mm)

x=x1 – x2

300 320 289

284 303 279

16 17 19

Hence

Frequency of the microwave:

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Experimental Report 6 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO OF AIR BASED ON CLEMENT DESORME’S METHOD

Verification of the instructors

I.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: - To determine the specific ratio

II.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Measurement result:

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

283 282 282 283 284 283 286 284 286 282 283.5

219 220 220 219 218 219 216 218 216 220

64 62 62 64 66 64 70 66 70 62

Hence 16

2. Calculation The formula

Hence

- Theoretically, we can calculate the specific heat ratio of air by using the formula , where is the Degree of Freedom (DOF) of ideal gas (in this case it is air). So, we get:

- The experiment result is a bit different from the theoretical result due to instrumental uncertainty, observational uncertainty, and environmental uncertainty.

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