Gramm. Ang. CM 3 (semestre 2) PDF

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CM de grammaire pour L1. Incomplet car coupé à cause du confinement....

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GRAMMAIRE ANGLAISE SEMESTRE 2 COURS MAGISTRAL - LESSON 3 EXPRESSING THE PAST

PART ONE ! Several ways to refer to past events in English. The simple past vs aspectual forms (be+v-ing and Have+V-en). ! Simple past : simple locate the event in the past. ! Aspects : express a specific point of view regarding the event. ! ! Ex : He went to school yesterday (simple past). He was listening to music when I came into the room (siple past continuous). What have you done (present perfect). I have been living in Ontario for five years now (present perfect continuous). When I called her, she had left for Australia the day before (past perfect). You had been doing your homework for hours when your friends arrived (past perfect continuous). ! ! !

The simple past :

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Regular past forms are formed with the addition of the morpheme -ed to the base verb. Interrogative and negative forms are formed by the addition of auxiliary did(not) + base verb.

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1.2 Spelling changes

1.1 Formation

If the base verb ends in -e, we simply add -d. Ex : I liked, I believed. Verbs ending with a consonant + y = -ied. Ex : I carried. NB : Verbs ending with vowel + y, do not follow the same pattern. Ex : I portrayed.

! The final consonant (except w) is doubled when it is preceded by only one vowel and when the stress falls on the last syllable. Ex : Rob = robbed. Equip = equipped. ! NB : Enter = entered. Develop = developed. ! NB : In GB English, verbs ending with a vowel + -l = consonant is doubled in the simple past. Ex : Travel = travelled. Control : controlled. ! NB : Verbs ending in -g = the consonant is doubled regardless of the stress pattern. ! ! Verbs ending I -ic and -ac = addition of the consonant -k before -ed. Ex : panic = panicked. !

1.3 Pronunciation

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(t) after an unvoiced consonant (f, k, p, s, sh, ch) except (t). (d) after a voiced consonant (v, g, h, z, dz, l, m, n, r) except (d) (d) after vowels and diphthongs. (id) atter (t) or (d).

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PART II - Meaning and Uses

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2.1 Main notions

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Morpheme -ed : rupture with the present time of with reality. Rupture : temporal or non temporal.

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Non temporal = hypothetical value.

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2.2 Temporal values of the simple past

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2 sub categories : narrative value and indirect speech. 2.2.1 Completed action in the past Specific moment in the past Disconnectedness from present time /speech time The temporal reference may be implicit or explicit...