Historia de la lengua inglesa-ii-primera práctica evaluable PDF

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1st assignment (evaluable)- etymology origins, spellings and sound changes....

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022

FIRST PRACTICE TEST Remember: your answers to these exercises must be typed in a Word file, converted to a PDF file and uploaded to Tareas – First practice test (individual) by October 19th (before 23:55). Remember also that this is a strictly individual task. MAXIMUM mark allotted: 20

Read the following text and complete the exercises below. Whenever detailed explanations are required, remember to use full sentences and correct English . Be also precise in the use of terminology. GEOFFREY CHAUCER’S THE CANTERBURY TALES – “THE KNIGHT’S TALE” (LL. 859-874) Heere bigynneth the knyghtes tale.

860

865

870

Whilom (‘formerly’) as olde stories tellen vs, Ther was a duc þat highte (‘was named’)Theseus; Of Atthenes he was lord and gouernour, And in his tyme swich (‘such’) a Conquerour That gretter was ther noon (‘none’) vnder the sonne (‘sun’). Fful (‘very’) many a riche contree hadde he wonne; What with his wisdom and his chiualrie, He conquered al the regne (‘reign’) of Ffemenye (‘the Amazons’) That whilom was ycleped (‘called’) Scithia, And wedded the queen Ypolita, And broghte hire hoom with hym in his contree With muchel glorie and greet solempnytee (‘ceremony’), And eek (‘also’) hir faire (‘beautiful’) suster Emelye. And thus with victorie and with melodye Lete I this noble duc to Atthenes ryde, And al his hoost in Armes hym bisyde

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Exercise 1 (4 marks) Examine the text and find: • Six nouns of French origin related (a) to the domain of ranks/titles and (b) to the domain of the military. Can you explain the relationship of these two semantic domains and the type of contact between English and French in early Middle English? Out of these six loanwords, pick out two which can be labelled ‘early borrowings’. Why doy ou think they are ‘early borrowings’? • One adjective of French origin.

ranks/titles gouernour conquerour regne noble duc lord the military chiualrie solempnytee ryde glorie conquered arms the type of contact between the different domains and languages is due to the influence of Normans and their introduction of new nobilities, social realities, and new government institutions, and the introduction of these new concepts was reflected both in the society and in language, and due to the fact these concepts emerged in the medieval period, it was typical to find terms related to the importance of hierarchies, so that ‘’gouernour’’, ‘’conquerour’’, ‘’duc’’ were people of paramount relevance to mention in these passages, such was the influence of French above English, that French was used in order to be more accurate and elegant because the French were culturally dominant in terms such as religion or nobility. By the influence of French, during the Middle English period, words were borrowed from two dialects: Norman French and Central French. Two terms that can be categorised as ‘early borrowings’ could be: ‘’chiualrie’’ and ‘’conquerour’’. These terms are early borrowings because they belong to the orthographic changes between old and middle English, such as c= [k] → ‘’conquerour’’, since it resembles the sound [k] it is of Norman French origin. Additionally, the letters ‘’ch’’ represent [c] in French borrowings into Middle English such as the example: ‘’chihualrie’’. One adjective of French origin is ‘’chihualrie’’ which means ‘’gentlemanly behaviour’’, in this context is an adjective since it is attributing one characteristic to the lord and governor of Athens. It is considered p. 2 Departamento de Filología Inglesa Campus Universitario de La Merced. 30001 Murcia T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa

Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 of French origin since it has the [c] sound and the -ie- inflection, instead of ‘’y’’ (typically found in English).

Exercise 2 (4 marks) Match the following words to build doublets containing an element of OE origin and a Middle English loanword (from French, Latin, Old Norse). Using an etymological dictionary (the Middle English Dictionary or the Online Etymology Dictionary) establish the provenance of each element in the doublets and then explain briefly the possible relationship between the elements in each doublet (semantic specialisation, register specialisation, etc.) [MAXIMUM: 3 lines per pair] Answer

Lessen

Arm

Liberty

Bark

Reply

Tale

Diminish

Rind

Freedom

Rise

Increase

Heaven

Weapon

Sky

Story

-answer (it comes from Old Norse and Old English)→ reply (it comes from Old French). Their similitude is that both of them refer to the act of providing a message back. ‘Reply’ resembles the formal one, whereas ‘answer’ is the colloquial one since it is used in more informal contexts. -arm (it comes from Old French) → weapon (it comes from Old English, Old Icelandic and Old Norse).Their relationship is that both of them are used in conflict contexts. They are more similar to each other since they can both be used in both formal and informal contexts. -bark (it comes from Old Norse) → rind (it comes from Old English). Their relationship is that both of them refer to the crust of plants. -tale (it comes from Old English and Old Norse)→ story (it comes from Old French). Their relationship is that both consist of telling a narrative aloud. The first one seems to refer to telling a personal narrative, whereas ‘story’ seems to be applied to every context, thus, is more general or ‘’colloquial’’. -heaven (it comes from Old English and has a more religious connotation, so it seems to be more formal) → sky (it comes from Old Norse and Old Icelandic, it is used on a daily basis, so it seems to be informal). Their relationship is that both of them refer to the upper part of the sky. There is a third Latin synonym: celestīn(e adj..

p. 3 Departamento de Filología Inglesa Campus Universitario de La Merced. 30001 Murcia T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa

Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 -lessen→ diminish (no clear origin on both of them). The relationship that exists among them is that they both refer to reduce. There seems to be a third synonym belonging to both Latin and Old French ‘vanishen’ (v). -liberty (it comes from Old French) → freedom (it comes from Old French and Old English). Their likeness is in the fact that both of them refer to the right of choice. There seems to be a third synonym ‘tranquille’- ‘tranquillum’. -increase (it comes from Anglo-French, it has a restricted meaning, related to amounts, so it seems to be formal)→ rise (it comes from Old English and has a high number of meanings and connotations, so it seems to be more informal). Their relationship is that both of them refer to extend. There seems to be a third Latin synonym ‘ascend’-’ascenden’ which has religious influence. In depth analysis of each doublet (forms, etymology, possibilities of meanings…):

1. answer→ swāren v.

Forms

swāren v. P.sg.3 swār(e)d.

Etymology

OE -swarian (in andswarian) & ON: cp. OI svara.

(a) To answer, reply; (b) to answer (sb. or sth.), reply to; (c) with directly quoted speech: to answer (certain specified words), respond with; also, with indirect speech: answer (that sb. should suffer sth.). 1.1 reply→ replīen v. Forms

replīen v.(1) Also repli(e, repleie, repplie; p.pl. repleiden.

Etymology

OF: cp. CF reploiier, AF replier.

(a) To turn (sth.) back, fold; bend back (a probe), flex; (b) to make opposition; retaliate; oppose (sth.), object to; repudiate (a former opinion), divorce (one's wife), cancel (a command, decision); ~ ayen, object to (sth.). p. 4 Departamento de Filología Inglesa Campus Universitario de La Merced. 30001 Murcia T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa

Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022

2.

arm→ harneis n.

Forms

harneis n. singular & plural Also harneis(s)e, harneies, harnais(e, harnes(se, harnas, harnis(se, harnois, harnich, herneis, hernais, hernes(e, hernas, hernois.

Etymology

OF harnois, harneis, harnes, harnas, hernois; ?from Gmc.

(a) Personal fighting equipment, body armor; also, armor and weapons; leg ~, leg armor; horse and ~, horse and arms; to ~, to arms!; wenden to ~, to arm oneself; (b) a set of armor, suit of mail; (c) armor or trappings for a war horse or other beast used in battle; (d) pl. men-at-arms. 2.1 weapon→ wē pen n. Forms

wēpen n. Also wepene, wepin, wepon(e, wepoun, wep(p)un, wepne, weppen, wappin, wipne, (WM) weopne, (chiefly N) wapen, wapin, wapon, (late or 16th cent.) weapon, weppon, wappon & (early) wæpen, wæpne, (infl.) wæpnen & (?error) wapping, (errors) wepe, wepned, weppont, wenpne; pl. wepen(e)s, etc. & wep(p)en, wep(p)in, wepon, wepoun, wepne, weppun, wopen, (chiefly N) wapen, (N) wapine, wapinnez, waipinnez, wappen, (N or early) wapne, (late) weipin & (early) wepnen, wæpen, wæpne(n, weapne(n, wapnes, wapnen, (SWM) wepnan, (dat.) wepnum & (?error) wappyings, (errors) wepnessis, wap(p)a.

Etymology

OE wpen, wpn, (Angl.) wēpen, (Nhb.) woepn-; pl. wpen, etc. & wpnu. For forms in wā- & wō- also cp. ON: cp. OI vāpn. Some uninfl. forms listed as pl. may = sg. coll.

(a) An instrument employed either offensively or defensively in combat, a device designed to injure or kill an opponent in a fight, a weapon [sometimes difficult to distinguish from (b) and vice versa]; (b) coll. & pl. weapons; also, battle gear, military equipment, armaments, arms, weaponry…

3.

bark→ bark n

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Forms

bark n. Also berk.

Etymology

ON; cp. OI börk-r.

The bark of a tree or woody plant. 3.1 rind→ rī nd(e n.

Forms

rī nd(e n.(1) Also riende, rin & (error) rynede.

Etymology

OE rind, rinde.

(a) The bark of a tree or other plant; also fig.; (b) a piece of bark, a wood chip….

4.

tale→ tāle n.

Forms

tā le n. Also tal(le & (chiefly N) tail(e, (N) taille & (early infl.) talen; pl. tales, etc. & talus, (chiefly early) talen & (error) tateles.

Etymology

OE talu; for forms with short ă also cp. OE tal (var. of tæl) & ON (cp. OI tal).

(a) That which one tells, the oral or written relation of an event or a series of events purporting to be true, a personal narrative, an account... 4.1 story→ stōrī(e n.

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Forms

stōrī(e n.(1) Also storē , storri; pl. stories, etc. & storise, storius, (early) storien & (error) strories.

Etymology

From AF e)storie (vars. of OF estoire) & L storia (var. of historia history).

(a) A narrative account, oral or written, of events that occurred or are believed to have occurred in the past, a story from history or accepted as history

5.

heaven→ hēven n

Forms

Etymology

hē ven n. Also even, evne, hefen, hefne, efne, hewen, hewn(e, hewuyn, heiven, heaven, heoven, hoeven & (early) hæven, heovn, heofen, heofon, heofne, eofene, hoven, (infl.)...

OE heofon, heofen.

(a) The upper part of the sky; the region in which the sun, moon, stars, and planets appear. (a) The abode of God, heaven, paradise; -- also in pl.

5.1 sky→ skī(e n. Forms

skī(e n. Also scki, sci, skei, skige, skiʒe, schi(e & (error) skythe.

p. 7 Departamento de Filología Inglesa Campus Universitario de La Merced. 30001 Murcia T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa

Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Etymology

ON: cp. OI sk; ult. same etymon as for ME skeu n.(1) but with loss of -w in nom. or from oblique case.

(a) The sky, heavens, firmament; -- often pl.; also fig.; ~ of night, darkness, night; al the wateres under the ~, all the rivers, etc. in the world; bi o side of the ~, in the same quadrant of the sky; (b) astron. a sphere of the celestial realm;

6.

lessen→ lēssen v.

Forms

lē ssen v. Also les(se, lesen, lessi & lasse(n & lissen & (early pl.) leassið. P.ppl. i)lessed, lēsed, i)lassed.

Etymology

From lē s(se adj.

(a) To become less in quantity, size, or number; diminish, shrink; (b) to decrease in force or intensity; abate, weaken; fail to endure. 6.1 diminish→ dīminishen v.

Forms

dī minishen v. Also deminishen, diminissen, diminuishen, diminushen, diminusen, dimunishen, diminerishen (error).

Etymology

Blend of diminūen & minishen.

(a) To reduce (sth.) in magnitude, diminish, lessen; (b) to lessen (sth.) in esteem, detract from.

7.

Forms

liberty→ libertē n.

libertē  n. Also libertī(e, libertei.

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Etymology

OF liberté

(a) Freedom of action, freedom to do as one chooses; opportunity; at ~, at one's own disposal, at one's choice; also, free to act; 7.1 freedom→ frēdō  m  n.

Forms

frē dō m  n. Also freodom, fredam, vridom.

Etymology

OE frēodōm, frīo-; cp. OFris. frīdōm.

(a) Liberty (as opposed to servitude), the social status of a freeman; (c) spiritual liberty, the state of not being in subjection to sin or the Devil. (a) Freedom of action; liberty to do what one pleases; permission to do something;

8. Forms

rise→ rīsen v. rīsen v. Also ris(e, risse(n, rice. Forms: sg.3 rīseth, etc. & rīsiʒt, rist, rīs; p. rōs(e, rosse, rois(e, (chiefly N) rās(e, rasse, (N) rais(e & rīsed, rist...

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 Etymology

OE ge)rīsan, p.sg. rās, pl. rison, ppl. ge)risen.

(a) To stand up, rise to one's feet from a sitting, kneeling, or reclining position; (a) To increase in number or amount (a) To rise from the dead, come to life again, be resurrected 8.1 increase→ encrēsen v. Forms

encrēsen v. Also encressen, in-.

Etymology

AF encreiss-, encress-, CF encroiss-; L incrēscere.

To become more numerous; to increase in number; Of spiritual things, such as virtue, hope, love, joy, grace, honor, fame, freedom, Of a material thing, condition, or institution (such as a tree, a river, the moon, fire, light; wealth, property, income, cost; a realm or country, the Church, an army; a report, age…

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Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022

Exercise 3 (4 marks) Transcribe the letter(s) underlined in each word. By examining the OE equivalent provided, whenever available, explain what the spelling convention is. If these changes are the result of a sound change, mention them as well. The first one is done as an example: e.g. “that” (l. 863) < OE þæt: [ð]: respelling of as and voicing of initial [θ] to [ð] in unstressed functional word. (a) knyghtes (l. 858) < OE cnihtas (b) queene (l. 868) < OE cwēn (c) gouernour (l. 861) (d) muchel (l. 870) < OE micel (e) sonne (l. 863) < OE sunne

(a) knyghtes (l. 858) < OE cnihtas [Ç] or [x]: respelling of as and of as . (b) queene (l. 868) < OE cwēn [cw] or [cp]: respelling of as lengthening of the intermediate vowel ‘e’. (c) gouernour (l. 861): [ū]: ME spelling lengthened the vowel and turned it into or spelling. (d) muchel (l. 870) < OE micel [č] : respelling of as . (e) sonne (l. 863) < OE sunne [ū]: respelling of as , turning it into the letter ‘o’.

Exercise 4 (8 marks) Identify the changes that have affected the pronunciation and spelling of consonants and vowels in the following words by examining the ME forms and their OE reflexes. Explain them as thoroughly as possible in phonological terms. The number next to the OE word indicates how many changes need to be explained. Remember length of vowels is only overtly marked in the OE word. (a) tale (l. 858) > OE talu (2) p. 11 Departamento de Filología Inglesa Campus Universitario de La Merced. 30001 Murcia T. 868 883 191 – F. 868 883 185 – www.um.es/dp-filologia-inglesa

Historia de la lengua inglesa II (4º GEI) Academic year 2021-2022 (b) wisdom (l. 865) < OE wīs-dōm (2) (c) ycleped (l. 867) < OE geclypod (3) (d) hoom (l, 869) < OE hām (1) (e) greet (l. 870) < OE great (1) (f) faire (l. 871) < OE fæger (1) (a) tale (l. 858) > OE talu (2) talu ‘tale’ + jan > toellen ‘’to tell’’ a>ae (from germanic to old english) u>e (from old english to middle english). The change which can be observed in this instance is that of the final vowel of the word, since in Middle English, the vowel in the final syllable is written -e, and pronounced as [ə] which resembles a schwa. It also experiences an open vowel lengthening in the vowel ‘a’. Besides, there is also a reduction in an unstressed syllable [ʊ]>[ə]. (b) wisdom (l. 865) < OE wīs-dōm (2) : The bar above ‘o’ indicates length of that vowel, so this length is lost and it turns into a short one; the same happens with the vowel ‘i’, which experiences a pre-cluster shortening [ī] > [i]. (c) ycleped (l. 867) < OE geclypod (3) The optional prefix of the past participle underwent reduction from [jɛ] to [i], that is to say→ (ge - to i/y-). Furthermore, the suffix experiences two changes, the first one belongs to the vowel o>e, and the second one belongs to the class of this verb. This is a weak verb, since weak verbs are characterized by two forms of the dental suffix ‘-ed(e) and -de or -te. In this case, the Middle English verb ends in -ed. (d) hoom (l, 869) < OE hām (1) The change in this noun is a shift by backing and rounding, /a:/> /o:/ turning it into a long ‘o’ → hoom. (e) greet (l. 870) < OE great (1) The change in this instance follows this trajectory: OE /æ:ə/ > ME /e:/~/ɛ:/; in this case: /e:/ .

(f) faire (l. 871) < OE fæger (1) The unique change this adjective underwent is the final -e, which stands for a weak adjective. Concretely, it ends in -re, and because of the fact that the Middle English adjective is inflected for number and not for case or gender, it is categorised as a singular adjective, since it is placed together with the noun ‘suster’(sister).

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