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I GMINTRO: It caused many deaths. Paving the way for major political changes including revolutions in many of the nations involved. All the world ́s economic great powers assembles in two opposing alliances: WHO: The Allies: Triple Entente-> France, UK and the Russian empire (+Italy, Japan an...

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I GM INTRO: It caused many deaths. Paving the way for major political changes including revolutions in many of the nations involved. All the world´s economic great powers assembles in two opposing alliances: WHO: The Allies: Triple Entente-> France, UK and the Russian empire (+Italy, Japan and US). Although Italy had been member of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) it did not joined the central power. Central powers-> Germany and Austria-Hungary (+Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria) WAR, WHY? The trigger for war was the assassination of Archduke of Austria by Yugoslav nationalists in Savarejo. This set a diplomatic crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered in an ultimatum to the kingdom of Serbia and entangled international alliances formed over the previous were invoked. The major powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. WHAT? As Russia immobilized in support of Serbia, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, leading Britain to declare war on Germany. After the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front (trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France) settled to a battle of attrition (will usually by won by the sight with greater resources). Meanwhile, on the eastern front (Russian empire and Romania/ Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria and Germany) the Russian army was successful against Austro-Hungarians but stopped its invasion of east Prussia by the Germans. The Russian government collapsed in 1917 and a subsequent revolution brought the Russians to terms with the central powers which constituted a massive German victory until nullified in 1918 by the victory of the western allies. The allies ratified and drive back the Germans in a series of successful offensives on November, the Austria-Hungarian Empire agreed to an armistice and also Germany who had its own trouble with revolutionaries ending war in victory for the Allies. CONSEQUENCES: the maps were redrawn, several independent nations restored or created and Germany´s colonies were parceled out among the winners. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 the big four (BR, Fr, It, US) imposed their terms in a series of treaties.

THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such an appalling conflict. This failed with weakened states, economic depression, renewed European Nationalism and the German feeling of humiliation contributing to the rise of Nazism and WWII. The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed. However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them. After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, and others. The onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years; the United Nations (UN) replaced it after the end of the Second World War in 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organizations founded by the League.

TREATY OF VERSALLES The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks. The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left none contented: Germany was neither purified nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. WILSON (1856-1924) President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 and leader of the Progressive Movement. Wilson induced a Democratic Congress to pass a progressive legislative agenda, unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. Wilson also averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis through passage of the Adamson Act, imposing an 8-hour workday for railroads. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality. However he took a much more aggressive policy in dealing with Mexico's civil war. Narrowly re-elected in 1916 around the slogan "He kept us out of war", Wilson's second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson asked Congress to declare war in order to make "the world safe for democracy." The United States conducted military operations with the Allies, without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations. He loaned billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, allowing them to finance their own war effort. Early in 1918 he issued his principles for peace, the Fourteen Points and in 1919 he went to Paris to promote the formation of a League of Nations and concluded theTreaty of Versailles. Wilson then suffered a severe stroke, and was unable to secure Senate ratification of the Treaty. By 1920 his disability had diminished his power and influence, and the Democratic party ignored his tentative plan to run for re-election. A devoted Presbyterian, Wilson infused a profound sense of moralism into his internationalism, now referred to as " Wilsonian"—a contentious position in American foreign policy which obligates the United States to promote global democracy. For his sponsorship of the League of Nations, Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize.

NAZISM Racial hierarchy and social Darwinism. Opposed to: capitalism and communism. Alternative to internationalist Marxist socialism and free market capitalism. Excluding community aliens or a foreign race, class equality and international society. Defends private property and business. ADOLF HITLER (1898-1945) Assumed control of the Nazi Party. Objectives: united greater Germany, deny citizenship to Jews and land reform or nationalization of some industries. He failed a coup in Munich to seize power in 1923. He gained popular support by attacking the treaty of Versailles, promoting pan-germanism, anticommunism with charismatic Nazi propaganda. Single-party dictatorship based in totalitarism. The aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-War1 international order dominated by Britain and France. His first years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression denunciation of restrictions imposed in Germany after war and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of ethnic Germans. His aggressive foreign policy is consider to be primary cause of WWII, he invaded Poland. In 1941 he ordered an invasion of the USSR, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa. Failure to defeat Soviets and the entry of US into the war forced Germany onto defensive and suffered defeats. In the final days of the war in 1945, the Battle of Berlin happened and he committed suicide to avoid the capture of the Red Army. JOSEPH STALIN (1878-1953) Leader of the Soviet Union Member of the first Politburo in order to manage the Bolshevik Revolution who took part in the Russian Revolution. He subsequently managed to consolidate power following the death of Vladimir Lenin suppressing Lenin´s criticisms and expanding the functions of his role. “Socialism in one country” central tenet of soviet society contrary to Trotsky´s view (spread through international revolutions). He replaced New Economic Policy introduced by Lenin with a high centralized command economy launching a period of industrialization and collectivization (USSR agrarian). The economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag Labour Camps (great purge repression), exiled or executed. After failed attempts to conclude Anti-Hitler pact with major European powers, he entered into a nonaggression pact with the Nazi Germany but Germany later violated the agreement and launched massive invasion to the Soviet Union in 1941. Soviet forces managed to halt Nazi incursion after the decisive battles of Moscow and Stalingrad. After defeating the Axis of powers in the Eastern front the Red Army captured Berlin in 1945. The Soviet Union emerged as the second superpower after US, successfully developed a nuclear weapon. He fostered relations with Mao in China and Kim-II Sung in North Korea. MARXISM-LENINISM Political ideology adopted by communist party of the Soviet Union. Term suggested by Joseph Stalin and gained wide circulation in the Soviet Union. The goal is the development of a state into a socialist through the leadership of a revolutionary vanguard composed by professional revolutionaries, an organic part of the working class (class struggle). Socialist state represents a dictatorship of the proletariat governed through the process of democratic centralism. The communist party is the supreme political institution of the state and primary force of societal organization. The goal classes social system with common ownership of the means of production and with full social equality of all members of society-> intensive development in industry, science and technology. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV (1894-1971) Russian politician led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Communist Party. Responsible for the deStalinization of the Soviet Union liberal reforms in domestic policy. He delivered the “Secret-Speech” denouncing Stalin´s purges and ushering (start) in a less repressive era in the Soviet Union. His domestic policies aimed bettering the lives of ordinary citizens often ineffective. Hoping to rely on missiles for national defense he ordered major cuts in conventional forces which saw the tensest years of the cold war culminating in the Cuban missile crisis.

WWII (1939-1945) Reasons: Treaty of Versailles (discontent of territories), nationalisms (Germany Hitler Nazism, Italy Mussolini fascism and URSS Stalin communism), crisis 29, alliances (Germany Italy pacto de acero, HitlerStalin) It involved the vast majority of the world´s nations, including all the great powers forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies (US, France, Uk, USSR) and the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan). Most widespread war in history. In a state of total war the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial and scientific capabilities behind the war effort. Mass deaths of civilians including the Holocaust and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers. 1937: Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific was already at war with the republic of China. 1939: Invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the UK. In a series of campaigns and treaties Germany controlled much of continental Europe and formed the Axis Alliance with Italy and Japan. 1941: the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union. Japan attacked the US and European territories in the Pacific Ocean and quickly conquered much of western pacific. Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway and Germany was defeated in North Africa and Stalingrad. With German defeats in the East front, Allies invasion of Italy and victories in the Pacific the Axis lost initiative. The western allies invaded Germany, occupied France and the USRR invaded Germany and its allies. Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia. The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating the capture of Berlin. The refusal of Japan to fulfil the terms if the Allies declaration, US dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This ended the war in Asia cementing the total victory of the Allies. WWII altered the political alignment and social structure of the world. The UN was established to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers (US, Sovietic Union, UK, France) became the permanent members of the UNSC. The Sovietic Union and US emerged as the rival superpowers setting the stage of the cold war for the next 46 years. The decolonization of Asia and Africa began. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. The YALTA CONFERENCE was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization. The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Within a few years, with the Cold War dividing the continent, Yalta became a subject of intense controversy. To some extent, it has remained controversial. DISCURSO STALIN Beginning of the Cold War. He stated that the victory of the Second World War was possible thanks to the communist system, which was incompatible with the capitalist one. This and Germany´s rupture (EUS, Ing, Fr –GFR after the Fundamental Law: western allies- and USSR –GDR-contributed to the start of the Cold War. TRUMAN DOCTRINE (By president of USA Harris S. Truman) It was a policy to stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War. Supported any nation with both military and economic aid if its stability was threatened by communism or USSR. Foundation of the president´s foreign policy and placed US in the role of global policeman. Anticommunist regimes and creation of a set of global military alliances against USSR: threat of International Security and the national security if the US. In the civil crisis of Greece the UK, the one who had previously helped Greece requested US to take over its role in supporting the Greek government and the US helped in order to avoid the communist expansion. HARRY S.TRUMAN (1884-1972) After Roosevelt He managed with the post war economy, the use of nuclear weapons in Japan, OTAN, Chinese Civil War, and Korean War. The corruption in the administration led to the presidency of the republican Eisenhower.

MARSHALL PLAN –European recovery program

American initiative to aid Europe in economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of WWII. In operation for four years. Goals: rebuild war devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again and prevent the spread of the communism. Required: increase in productivity, labor union membership, and adoption of modern business procedures. A larger amount of money was given to the major powers industrial, their resuscitation was essential for general European revival. More aid per capita was also directed towards the Allied nations with less for those that had been part of the Axis or remained neutral. The largest recipient was UK followed by France and West Germany. The Soviet Union refused plan benefits and also blocked benefits to eastern Bloc countries (East Germany and Poland). The US provided similar aid programs in Asia. The Soviet Union made a response with the information office of the communist parties to defend peace of the American imperialism. After the WWII THE winners had demilitarized with the exception of the USSR but after this tension the militarized again. The Cominform (1947) was established to enforce orthodoxy and high control over East Europe. SCHUMAN DECLARATION 1950 He proposed a unified Europe able to contribute to global peace. It proposed a supra-state organization formation with the shared administration of coal and steel of Germany (GFR) and France to avoid a war in Europe. (European integration) BERLIN BLOCKADE It was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post WWII Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to drop it if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsmark from West Berlin. The Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, a difficult feat given the city´s population. Air forces from US, UK, France, Canada, Australia, New Zeland, and South Africa flew. As neither parts wanted a war, the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift. 1949, the USSR lifted the blocked of West Berlin. It served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe. NATO 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization Intergovernmental military alliance, constitutes a system of collective defense where by its states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by an external party. PACTO VARSOVIA 1955 Military cooperation agreement by the East-bloc countries. Drawn under the “Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas”. Its aim was to contrarest NATO’s threat and the rearmament of the RFA. CHURCHILL: 1945 (CONSERVATIVE) Publically warned of an Iron Curtain of Soviet Influence in Europe and promoted European Unity. He was a British politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the 20th century, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army. Out of office and politically "in the wilderness" during the 1930s, Churchill took the lead in warning about Nazi Germany and in campaigning for rearmament. At the outbreak of the Second World War, he was again appointed First Lord of the Admiralty. His steadfast refusal to consider surrender helped inspire British resistance, especially during the difficult early days of the war when the British Commonwealth and Empire stood alone in its active opposition to Adolf Hitler.

KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)

War between South and North Korea: UN force led by USA fought for the South and China for the North which was also assisted by the Soviet Union. The war arose from the division of Korea after WW2 and from the global tensions of the Cold War. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 but in 1945 (closing days of ww2) the Soviet Union declared war on Japan by agreement with the USA and occupied Korea North and the US South and Japan surrendered. 1948: two separate governments were set up, both claimed to be legitimate government of Korea and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict intensified into open warfare when North Korea forces (supported by US and China) invaded South Korea in 1950. UNSC recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire, and decided the formation of the UN forces in Korea. Chinese forces entered war and its intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces. (1951) North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet curcraft were used in air-to-air combat for the first time and soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies. Fight ended in 1953 when the armistice was signed, delimitarized zone to separate North and South Korea and allowed prisione...