History 1493 Midterm PDF

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1. Balck Codes: The Black Codes, sometimes called Black Laws, were laws governing the conduct of African Americans (free blacks). The best known of them were passed in 1865 and 1866 by Southern states, after the American Civil War, in order to restrict African Americans' freedom, and to compel them to work for low wages. (Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves) 2. (L01) Lincoln/Johnson Reconstruction Program: a. Lincoln i. Proclamation of Amnesty 1863 ii. 10% Rule: Lincoln's reconstruction plan which would allow a southern state to reenter the union if only 10% of the voters in that state pledged allegiance to the union iii. Union never dissolved b. Johnson i. Destroy the southern aristocracy ii. Reestablish the alliance between the South and the West iii. Provisional governors and conditional amnesty 3. (L01) Tenure in Office Act: contributed to Johnson’s impeachment 4. (L01) Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson Credit Mobilier scandal--what it was Hayes-Tilden election 1876 5. (L06) The Grange: Organized in 1867, then regenerated after the Panic of 1873. The Grange was a fraternal organization with social and cultural goals, secret rituals. The Grange soon transformed into a vehicle for protest and political reform. a. Oliver H. Kelly b. Granger Laws 6. Railroad expansion and subsidies Indian wars in the 1870s – reasons for DawesSeveralty Act 7. Interstate Commerce Act: The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. 8. (L03) Homestead Act of 1862: Allowed individuals to gain title to 160 acres of the public domain by living on a plot of land for at least five years and paying a $10 filing fee. In 1877, Congress continued the process by passing the Desert Land Act, which granted 640 acres at $1.25 per acre to anyone who would irrigate the land. 9. (L06) Farmer's Alliance movement: The Grange faded out of existence in the late 1870s, and was replaced in the 1880s with regional farmer’s alliances. Like the Grangers, Alliance members believed that too much power was in the hands of a few financial institutions and interests. Unfortunately, the depressed state of

agriculture caused by falling prices and the terrible drought of the late 1880s limited the effectiveness of the cooperatives -- as did economic warfare by banks, merchants, and railroads. 10. Spoils system: In politics and government, a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. The term was derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator William L. Marcy, referring to the victory of Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828, with the term spoils meaning goods or benefits taken from the loser in a competition, election or military victory. 11. Pendleton Civil Service Act 12. Cattle drives 13. Gospel of Wealth 14. (L08) Social Darwinism: Obstacles to Reform. 15. American industrial development Vertical vs. Horizontal integration 16. Free and unlimited coinage of silver Knights of Labor/National Labor Union American Federation of Labor 17. Social Gospel movement: A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation. 18. "Waving the bloody shirt" 19. (L06) Panic of 1893: Over the course of this depression, 15,000 businesses, 600 banks, and 74 railroads failed. 20. (L05) Sherman Anti-Trust Act: a. Presidents Rutherford Hayes and Grover Cleveland used federal troops to break strikes b. Manipulation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act 21. (L05) Homestead Strike of 1892: When Carnegie acquired the Homestead Mills, the inevitable wage reductions resulted in the predicted strike. Henry Clay Frick took the lead in breaking the union, by hiring Pinkerton guards to secure the mills and strikebreakers to smash the union. A battle erupted in July, and the Pinkertons were defeated by union forces. Four days later the governor of Pennsylvania called in the militia and the strike was broken--along with the union. 22. (L07) New immigration vs. Old: (Between 1877 and 1890, more than 6.3 million people entered the US. From 1890 to 1920, an additional 15 million arrived. 2/3 were males, most between the ages of 15 and 40.) Beginning in the 1880s, the sources of immigration shifted away from Northern and Western Europe. Previously, the majority of them had come from England, Ireland,

France, Germany, and Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚. The New immigrants were Greeks, Poles, Russians, Italians, Slavs 斯拉夫人, Turks--people who found assimilation 同化 more difficult. 23. (L07) Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896, Established the “separate but equal” doctrine that prevailed for decades. (A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.) 24. Grandfather clause: A grandfather clause is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have grandfather rights or acquired rights, or to have been grandfathered in. 25. (L07) Booker T. Washington vs. W.E.B. Dubois a. Booker T. Washington - Conservatives i. The “Atlanta Compromise” ii. The Gospel of “Self Help” b. W.E.B. Du Bois – Radical i. The “Talented Tenth” ii. The Niagara Movement iii. The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) 26. Political machines/Tammany Hall 27. Political party membership 28. (L01) Birth of a Nation: 1915, Woodrow Wilson stated that the film was “history writ with lightening” 29. William Jennings Bryan 30. (L09) Theodore Roosevelt a. A Conservative and a Progressive. His basic objective was to protect American institutions from socialism through moderate ameliorative changes--in a word, co-optation. b. TR Takes on Big Business: Bigness in business was not bad in itself-there was a difference between good and bad trusts, and that the government should try to supervise and control them "within reasonable limits." (with J. P. Morgan) 31. Muckrakers 32. Federal Reserve Act 33. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 34. Northern Securities case 35. Suffrage movement 36. Characteristics of Progressivism

37. New Nationalism (TR) vs. New Freedom (Wilson) a. New Nationalism: Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice b. New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson's plan of reform which called for tariff reductions, banking reform, and stronger antitrust legislation 38. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 39. Roosevelt foreign policy 40. Panama Canal 41. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 42. Roosevelt foreign policy 43. (L10) Alfred Thayer Mahan: Mahan's thesis was that the great imperial nations of the past gained their prestige and power through their naval supremacy. He emphasized that no modern nation could build an empire without a big navy, and illustrated the point with Napoleon's defeat by a vastly superior British navy. 44. (L10) American overseas expansion 1890s (Reason) a. Sources of Raw materials b. The need for markets c. The need to protect U.S. investments d. Threats to security of the U.S. e. Ideology 45. Yellow Journalism 46. Philippine guerilla war, 1898-1902 47. Panama Canal 48. Wilson foreign policy 49. European alliances and the Great War 50. (L11) Sinking of the Lusitania: On May 7, 1915, the Lusitania, a Magnificent British passenger liner, went down. 1198 lives were lost, including 128 Americans. 51. (L11) Zimmermann note: In January 1917, the British intercepted a message from the German Foreign Secretary (Alfred Zimmermann) to the German ambassador to Mexico. The note (leaked to the U.S. papers) suggested that if Mexico allied itself to Germany, it could regain lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 52. (L11) American neutrality during the Great War a. Wilson i. At the outset he urged Americans to be "impartial in thought as well as in action.“ ii. The problem: in 1910 the U.S. population stood at 92 million, and 32 million of these were 1st or 2nd generation immigrants. 12 million were from the countries at war. 53. Woodrow Wilson and collective security

54. Paris Peace Conference (Versailles) Treaty ratification 55. (L11) Red Scare/radicalism: Using an anti-radical division headed by a young J. Edgar Hoover, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer launched a campaign to deport aliens suspected of radical beliefs. From November 1919 to the following March, about 4,000 aliens were arrested, jailed, and deported without hearings. 56. Consumer society: 1920s 57. Prohibition / results 58. Ku Klux Klan: a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights. 59. Immigration restrictions in the 1920s...