History Midterm 3 Notes PDF

Preview

Summary

Lecture notes made into a guide to help with studying....

Description

History 15A—Fall 2016 Midterm 3 Study Guide Identification Terms—be able to fully define or describe the following terms and supply examples or key aspects where appropriate. Sana’s Half 1. Radical Republicans ● Johnson announced that with loyal governments functioning in the southern states, the nation had been reunited ● In response, Radical Republicans, who were not impressed with Johnson called for the dissolution of these governments and the establishment of new ones with “rebels” excluded from power and black men guaranteed the right to vote ● Radicals tended to represent constituencies in New England and the “burned-over” districts of the rural North that had been home to religious revivalism, abolitionism, and other reform movements ● Radicals - Union victory created an opportunity to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race ● Fully embraced the expanded powers of the federal government born during the Civil War ● Traditions of federalism and states’ rights, they insisted, must not obstruct a national effort to protect the rights of all americans ● Most prominent Radicals in Congress: Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, outspoken foes of slavery and defenders of black rights , both had urged Lincoln to free and arm the slaves during Civil War , favored black suffrage ● Stevens: wanted to confiscate the land of loyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the South , too radical, Congress had already offered free land to settlers in the Homestead Act, but this land had been in the possession of the federal government, not private individuals ● Congressmen believed too deeply in the sanctity of property, stevens proposal failed to pass ● Republicans majority in Congress but most were moderate not Radicals 2. ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Alfred Thayer Mahan Naval officer Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History Argued that a nation couldn’t prosper without a large fleet of ships engaged in international trade, protected by a powerful navy operating from overseas bases Census bureau at this time announced there was no longer a clear line separating settled from unsettled land; the frontier no longer existed Thus, Mahan wrote Americans must “begin to look outward” His arguments influenced the outlook of James G. Blaine who was secretary of state during Benjamin Harrison’s presidency Blaine urged the president to try to acquire Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba as strategic naval bases

3. Black Codes ● Part of Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan ● Laws passed by the new Southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Granted blacks certain rights, such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts But denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote In response to planters’ demands that the freedpeople be required to work on the plantations, the black codes declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white landowners Some states limited the occupations open to blacks and barred them from acquiring land, and other provided that judges could assign black children to work for their former owners without the consent of the parents Completely violated free labor principles that called forth a vigorous response from the Republican North Confederates were treated leniently, some were arrested but most were quickly released and only one was executed, most of the union army was demobilized What motivated the North’s turn against Johnson’s policies wasn’t a desire to “punish” the white south, but the inability of the South’s political leaders to accept emancipation

4. Election of 1912 ● Crosscurrents of Progressive-era thinking about the problem of relationship between state and corporation came together in the presidential campaign of 1912 ● Four way contest: Taft, Roosevelt, Democrat Woodrow Wilson, Socialist Eugene V. Debs ● National debate on the relationship between political and economic freedom in the age of big business ● Taft - economic individualism could remain the foundation of the social order so long as government and private entrepreneurs cooperated in addressing social ills ● Debs - abolishing capitalist system (very few supported this but other demands summarized forward looking progressive outlook eg public ownership of railroads and banking system, government aid to the unemployed, laws establishing shorter working hours and a minimum wage ) ● Battle between Wilson and Roosevelt over the role of the federal government in securing economic freedom got public attention in this election ● Two represented competing ideas of progressivism ● Both believed government action necessary for individual freedom, but they differed over dangers of increasing government’s power and the inevitability of economic concentration ● Wilson was deeply imbued with Progressive ideas, despite him being a democrat (usually state rights and laissez faire ideology) ● Wilson insisted democracy must be reinvigorated by restoring market competition and freeing government by domination from big business ● Program - The New Freedom envisioned the federal government strengthening antitrust laws, protecting the right of workers to unionize, actively encouraging small businesses ● Republican split caused victory for Wilson 5. Industrial Revolution (components/effects) * 6. Jane Addams ● Progressive Era’s most prominent female reformer ● Resented the prevailing expectation that a woman’s life should be governed by what she called a “family claim” - the obligation to devote herself to parents, husband, and children

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Freedom was to be seeked within confines of home, liberation was buying new laborsaving appliances She founded Hull House in Chicago, which was a “settlement house” (See settlement house) devoted to improving lives of the immigrant poor, modeled on Toynbee Hall in London Unlike previous reformers, who had aided the poor from afar, settlement-house workers moved into poor neighborhoods They built kindergartens and playgrounds for children, established employment bureaus and health clinics, and showed female victims of domestic abuse how to gain legal protection Hull House instigated an array of reforms in chicago, soon adopted elsewhere, including stronger building and sanitation codes, shorter working hours and safer labor conditions, and the right of labor to organize One of the few progressives to take strong interest in black rights and a founder of the NAACP - rejected civil rights plank in its platform and barred black delegates from the South Endorsed LaFolette

7. Social Darwinism ● Natural superiority of some groups over others, which was used to justify slavery, to explain the success and failure of individuals and social classes ● Charles Darwin’s Origin of species, the theory of evolution where species best suited for their environment survived (natural selection) , his language was borrowed and developed and applied to public discussion of social problems in the Gilded Age -these were simplified, not what Darwin was saying at all ● Social Darwinism - evolution was as natural a process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere ● Misguided efforts to uplift those at the bottom of the social order, such as laws regulating the conditions of work or public assistance to the poor ● The giant industrial corporation had emerged because it was better adapted to its environment than earlier forms of enterprise, to restrict it by legislation would reduce society to a more primitive level ● The poor were responsible for their own fate - idea lasted even through the depressions of 1870s and 1890s ● Charity workers and local governments spent much time and energy distinguishing the “deserving” poor (widows and orphans, whose circumstances weren’t their fault) from the “undeserving” poor ● Failure to advance in society = lack of character, self-reliance and determination in the face of adversity ● As late as 1900, half of the nation’s largest cities offered virtually no public relief, except to persons living in poorhouses ● To improve, workers should practice personal economy, keep out of debt, and educate their children in the principles of the marketplace, not look to the government for aid ● Most influential Social Darwinist - William Graham Sumner ● Sumner - freedom meant right to each man that he can acquire, enjoy, and dispose of property without interference from other persons or from government - this philosophy required acceptance of inequality ● Sumner - society faced two alternatives “liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; the notliberty, equality, survival of the unfittest” ● Sumner- government shouldn’t upset social arrangements decreed by nature

8. Wilson’s Fourteen Points * 9. Vertical Integration ● Andrew Carnegie set out to establish a “vertically integrated” steel company in 1873 ● Company that controlled every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution 10. The Red Scare 760 ● Short-lived intense period of political intolerance inspired by the post-war strike wave and the social tensions and fears generated by the Russian revolution

Anum’s Half 11. Knights of Labor ● A labor union that arose in the 1880’s, they were the first group to try to organize unskilled, skilled workers, men and women, blacks and whites, except the West Coast knights excluded Asian immigrants ● Reached peak membership of almost 800,000 in 1886, making it the largest labor organization of the 19th century ● Were involved in millions of workers who did strikes, boycott political action, and educational + social activities ● They made programs like 8 hour work day, __________ reform, and anarchism, socialism → and creation of cooperative commonwealth possible ● Knights of labor claimed that ordinary Americans had lost control of their economic livelihoods and their own government due to unrestrained economic growth and political corruption ● Significance - on July 4, 1886 the Federated Trades of the Pacific Coast rewrote declaration of independence, newly stated that mankind had inalienable rights, “Life and means of living, liberty, and conditions essential to liberty” 12. The Bonus March● The summer of 1932 - war veterans from the great war were promised a bonus in 1945 for serving ● Due to the depression, they wanted it early so they marched to washington to petition congress ● They set up before the capitol, led by Walter W. Walters, a former US army sergeant ● The World War Adjusted Compensation Act, said bonuses in form of certificates couldn’t be redeemed ● On July 28, 1932 in a scuffle with police , two vets died ● Hoover panics → sends Gen Douglas McArthur ● Led Hoover to lose and Roosevelt to win in 1932 election 13. Urban Political Machines 14. The Hundred Days 15. Pendleton Civil Service Act 16. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 17. Populist Movement 18. Huey Long 19. Booker T. Washington 20. Court Packing

Multiple Choice Terms—the multiple choice questions will be based on the following terms found in the book. You need to know the general significance of these terms, their basic background and why they are important. Sana’s Half 1. 10 Percent Plan ● Announced by Lincoln in 1863 to establish a functioning civilian government in Louisiana ● Lenient ● offered an amnesty and full restoration of rights (including property, excluding slaves) to white southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation ● When 10 percent of the voters of 1860 had taken the oath, they could elect a new state govt, which would be required to abolish slavery aka states could come back in union ● This plan excluded blacks, gave them no role in shaping the “post-slavery” order ● Lincoln’s reasoning for leniency toward Southern whites: former slaveholders would come forward to accept his terms, thus weakening the confederacy, shortening the war, and gaining white support for the ending of slavery ● Infuriarated Northerners 2. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Disenfranchisement of confederate civil and military leaders State conventions called to ratify 13th amendment New elections for state legislatures and US congressmen Johnson’s reversal - mass parsons Ordered nearly all land in federal hands returned to its former owners believed African-Americans had no role to play in Reconstruction Offered pardons ( restored political and property rights, except for slaves) to white southerners who took an oath of allegiance , excluded Confederate leaders and wealthy planters whose pre-war property had been more than $20k , later individually pardoned Appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conventions, elected by whites alone, that would establish a loyal government in the south Required that they abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and refuse to pay the Confederate debt but granted the new government a free hand in managing local affairs Conduct of the southern governments turned the Republican north against the president White voters returned prominent confederates and members of the old elite to power Reports of violence further turned them against him Black Codes Emergence of Radical Republicans against him Moderate Republicans believed Johnson’s plan was flawed but wanted to work with him to modify it, bc neither northern or southern whites would accept black suffrage

3. Ku Klux Klan ● Secret society - preventing blacks from voting and destroying Republican party by assassinating local leaders and public officials ● Served as a military arm of the Democratic party in the south, founded in 1866 ● Quickly spread into almost every southern state ● Led by planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians, South’s “respectable citizens”

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Launched “reign of terror” against Republican leaders Klan’s victims - white Republicans : wartime unionists, local officeholders, teachers, party organizers (William Luke, white teacher in black school lynched) Violence against African Americans - local political leaders, those who had acquired land, others that defied norms of white supremacy York County, SC - nearly entire white male population was part of KKK , org committed 11 murders and hundreds of whipping Conducted at night Women → sewing the robes and hoods Klansmen wore as disguises Assaults on individuals → mass terrorism, local insurrections Meridian, Mississippi: 30 blacks + one white judge murdered, Colfax, Louisiana: hundreds of former slaves In 1870 and 1871, Congress adopted three Enforcement Acts, outlawing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them President Grant dispatched federal marshals + troops to arrest Klansmen, many who fled the south; after trials, Klan went out of existence Birth of a Nation, film by DW Griffith that glorified KKK as defender of white civilization during construction which Wilson allowed to be shown at White House The Second Klan Resurgence of KKK in early 1920’s ; “expression of idea that american freedom should be limited on religious and ethnic grounds” Lynching of Leo Frank, Jewish factory manager > 3 mill members, all white, native-born protestants, a lot of them held respected positions As opposed to the Klan during reconstruction, this one in parts of North and west largest private organization in Indiana, and for a time controlled the state Republican Party Partly responsible for oregon law banning private schools New Klan attacked more targets than - blacks, immigrants, feminism unions, immortality, giant corps - “individual liberty”

4. Freedman’s Bureau ● Reconstruction agency established in 1865 ● Protect legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, healthcare, and landowning ● Under direction of O. O. Howard, a graduate and veteran ● An experiment in government social policy ● Bureau agents were supposed to : establish schools ● provide aid to the poor and aged ● settle disputes between whites and blacks and among the freedpeople ● secure for former slaves and white unionists equal treatment before courts ● Bureau’s achievements: coordinated and helped finance activities of northern societies committed to black education ● Assumed control of hospitals established by the army during the war, expanded the system into new communities ● Provided medical care and drugs to black/white southerners

●

Failure of land reform, Bureau had authority to divide abandoned and confiscated land to members but under Johnson, all land was returned

5. → ● ● ● ●

Radical Reconstruction * Economic assistance Confiscation and land redistribution (fails, Americans don’t agree) Sharecropping - land owners w/o laborers Leans County merchants and the crop-lien system(to obtain supplies from merchants, farmers were forced to take up growing cotton and pledge a part of the crop as collateral, high interest rate so continued to plant cotton to get new loans) Plantation store Price of cotton plummeted More and more loans, deeper and deeper into debt, tied to land Civil Rights Protections Passage of 14th amendment Jim Crow Laws Political Rights 15th amendment and suffrage - grandfather clause, literacy tests 1965 - African Americans vote in big numbers Other forms of aid The Freedman’s Bureau

● ● ● → ● ● → ● ● → ●

6. Impeachment of Johnson ● Congress adopted Tenure of Office Act in 1867 - barring the president from removing certain officeholders, including cabinet members without consent of Senate ● Johnson considered this unconstitutional ● In 1868, he removed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, ally of radicals ● House of Representatives responded by approving articles of impeachment - presented charges against Johnson to the Senate, whether or not to remove him from office ● First time in American history president placed on trial before the Senate for “high crimes and misdemeanors” - by this point, Republicans considered Johnson failure president ● Some moderates disliked Benjamin F. Wade, who would become president if Johnson was removed ● Others feared that conviction would damage the constitutional separation of powers between Congress and the executive ● Johnson’s lawyers assured moderate republicans that if he was acquitted, he’d stop interfering with Reconstruction policy ● 35-19 to convict Johnson, one vote short of two-thirds necessary to remove him 7. Share-cropping ● Initially a compromise between blacks’ desire for land and planters’ demand for labor discipline ● Allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop divided between worker and owner at the end of the year ● guaranteed the planters a stable resident labor force ● Former slaves preferred it to gang labor because it offered them the prospect of working without day-to-day white supervision ● Sharecropping became more and more oppressive as time went on

● ● ●

Sharecroppers’ economic opportunities were limited by a world market in which the price of farm products suffered a prolonged decline Freedmen will labor and get half of the crop Disadvantage of ex-slaves : in economic disadvantage, they had to keep family alive; took out “leans” with tremendous interest rates, if they don’t pay, all their crop is taken

8. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags ● reconstruction officials (Northerners) who made their homes in the South after the war “carpetbaggers” - they packed all their belongings in a suitcase and left their homes in order to reap the spoils of office in the South ● Some were corrupt adventurers but most were former Union soldiers who remained after the war ● Others were investors in land and railroads and saw the south as a way to combine personal economic advancement with a role in helping to substitute freedom for slavery ● Most white Republicans who supported reconstruction had been born in the South ● Former Confederates called them “scalawags” - they were traitors to their race and religion ● Most of these “scalawags” were ...