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MARY MCLEOD BETHUNE“What Does American Democracy mean to me?”2“What does American Democracy mean to me?” is a narrative and political speechCLASSIFICATION broadcasted by radio given on 23th November 1939 by Mary PLACE AND TIME McLeod Bethune, known as the “First Lady of the Struggle”.This speech was...

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MARY MCLEOD BETHUNE

“What Does American Democracy mean to me?”

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2 “What does American Democracy mean to me?” is a narrative and political speech CLASSIFICATION broadcasted by radio given on 23th November 1939 by Mary PLACE AND TIME McLeod Bethune, known as the “First Lady of the Struggle”. This speech was delivered in a political and economic climate really complicated in EEUU. The World War II had already started though the America’s entrance into World War II was on 7th December 1941 when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour. CONTEXTUALISATION Moreover, in that time, EEUU was involved in The New Deal Era, name given by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) to his interventionist policy launched in order to fight against the effects of the Great Depression in EEUU: a severe worldwide economic crisis in the 1930s. Its consequences were tremendously serious, such as unemployment, begging, demographic decrease and inequality in the social and economic structure. CAUSE The author of the speech is Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955), the most celebrated African American woman of the New Deal Era and extended her influence as an educator, civil rights activist and defender of the women’s equality in the 1950’s. She was one of seventeen children born to former slaves in South Carolina in the southeastern region of the United States where she quickly learned that the key to a better life for black people was education. The McLeod family was a symbol of unity in the black community. They worked and saved to buy their own land and they grew corn and cotton. Their strong religious values and work ethics influenced considerably in Mary at an early age. She wanted to be a Christian missionary in Africa but she was rejected due to her black race. ADDRESSER Mary McLeod Bethune was a teacher in private black schools; public high schools did not accept black students. CAUSE As a result, Mary decided to merge a public school

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for black students. PURPOSE In 1904, with very little money and impressive faith, she founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Girls. In 1923, the school became Bethune-Cookman College as the first fully educational black institution. She also opened a hospital for the blacks who were discriminated against by the local white hospital. MOTIVATION

In 1935, Bethune created the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) by uniting the major national black women’s associations; it was focused on ending segregation and discrimination toward black women. Today has more than four million members. She was advisor to four United States Presidents on child welfare, employment, housing and education. She was a close friend of Eleanor Roosevelt from the 1920’s until her death in 1955. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed her Director of the National Youth Administration’s Division of Negro Affairs. She continually pressed for greater opportunities for black youths to learn skilled trades and for their later employment. As a member of the Black Cabinet, Roosevelt frequently consulted with her on black priorities for social change. During World War II, Bethune served as special assistant to the secretary of war and assistant director of the Women’s Army Cops, organizing the first women’s officer candidate schools and lobbied federal officials, on behalf of African American women who wanted to join the military. She continued as president of the National Council of Negro Women until 1949 and attended the founding conference of the United Nations. She died in 1955 but her legacy of love of others, hope for the future and a desire to live harmoniously with all races continues. The speech is aimed at American radio audience with an informative scope, by NBC radio’s weekly public affairs broadcast of “America’s Town Meeting of the Air”.ADDRESSEES Firstly, it can be said that Mary McLeod Bethune showed in her speech the main ideas and goals which guided her life: “Under the Constitution, democracy can not be divided and it is impossible to consider a half free country. So, it is necessary to fight against segregation and discrimination facing African Americans”. She struggled for equal rights for black race, with a strong faith in God. MEANING

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Secondly, in her speech she talked about achievements got by African Americans. It is essential to indicate that the problem of colour was world-wide, found in Africa, Asia, Europe and America. But changes were producing within society. Black adults were learning to read and write. Black students could continue their education. New skills were opening up to the black race that had not previously been available to them. The Bethune’s main interest was to raise black America to the same level as a white America. However, it must be highlighted the problem of the slavery: millions of black people were taken to the New World in order to have cheap labour in the cultivation of sugar cane and cotton. Moreover, The American Civil War (1861–1865) brought slavery in the United States. South America lived one of the most shameful moments of the United States history: the so-called “Separated but equal”, a legal doctrine that justified and permitted racial segregation. Under the doctrine, government was allowed to require that services, public accommodations, housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation be separated along racial lines, provided that the quality of each group's public facilities was equal. Besides, black people could not vote, create associations and participate in trade unions. Lastly, this unequal situation for black people caused the Civil Rights Movement by Martin Luther King. PROJECTION Mary McLeod Bethune always protected African American rights even though she was under threat by Ku Klux Klan and even some group of African American who accused her of working for white government. CONSEQUENCE Finally, it can be observed how Bethune shows her dream. She places special emphasis on the idea of what democracy is for her: a new, free, fearless and united country where everybody, black and white people, will fight together in order to live harmoniously.

In conclusion, “What Does American Democracy Mean to Me?” is a significant speech about the fight for civil rights and racial equality in America in the twentieth century. Mary McLeod Bethune became the first black woman to lead a federal agency; she continued to be an important voice until her death in 1955. In her speech, Bethune

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shows the great achievements by black people and their contribution to build America but she still claims a new climate of freedom, justice and love. EXCELLENT

In my opinion, Mary McLeod Bethune was a courageous pioneer who paved the way for a better and safer future for black race. Her inner strength and passion for education made her a truly remarkable figure of her time. However, we can make the difference between Bethune the idealist and Bethune the realist. She had Eleanor Roosevelt as an ally and it was an advantage to get all her aims. But the integration of black women into the power structure failed. Bethune remained the only black woman with an important position in Washington. In spite of the obstacles encountered, white America saw a black woman doing a job of enormous proportion and doing it well. Mary McLeod Bethune was one of America’s greatest civil rights leaders, and this is an issue which is not questioned. OUTSTANDING!

BIBLIOGRAPHY -

GREEN, LYNNE: “Mary McLeod Bethune”. American Heroes. Boston. Houghton Mifflin , 2006.

WEBRESOURCES -

JOHNSON-MILLER, BEVERLY: “Mary McLeod Bethune”. Talbot School of Theology. Web 21 March 2015. http//www.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/protestant/mary_bethune/

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NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO WOMEN, INC:”Mary McLeod Bethune”. Web 23 March 2015. http//www.ncnw.org/about/bethune.htm

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Biography “Mary McLeod Bethune”. American experience. Web 29 March 2015. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography/eleanorbethune.

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Biography “Mary McLeod Bethune”. The Eleanor Roosevelt papers project. Web 29 March 2015. http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/bethune-mary.cfm

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