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Unit 1: Language and CommunicationLesson 1: The Nature of LanguageWhat is Language?According to Linguists, language will be called a language if there is a: System of rules (grammar) Sound System (phonology) Vocabulary (lexicon) Humans are able to communicate like asking/statement for food: Food! ...

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Purposive Communication Reviewer

Unit 1: Language and Communication

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Lesson 1: The Nature of Language

Language is indeed a human complex and it is important to be aware of its feature and behavior.

What is Language?

Lesson 2: Types of Communication

According to Linguists, language will be called a language if there is a:

What is Communication?

1. 2. 3.

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Defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people.

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The term communication is derived from the Greek word “komunikare” which translates as “to share” in English.

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It was also derived from the Latin word “communis” which translates as “to make common” in English.

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To satisfy the requirement of our course, we define communication as the transfer of ideas from one to another in order to gain understanding.

System of rules (grammar) Sound System (phonology) Vocabulary (lexicon)

Humans are able to communicate like asking/statement for food:   

Food! Want some food? I’d like to share this food with you.

Things to Remember: 

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Speech community is the kind of group that sociolinguistics attempt to study or group of people who share similar ideas, and uses norms of language. Language acquisition is the process wherein people acquire the languages used by those in the community. o The language that we acquired during our childhood is our mother tongue. It is also known as our First language or L1. Language learning is the process wherein people learn second languages by studying formally in school or informally on their own. o The language that we learned or studied is our Second language or L2. Language contact is the process wherein people try to understand each other or to communicate as one learns from each other's languages. Language change is the process when various individuals who have different languages constantly interact and communicate with each other will eventually notice that the language they use have changed to suit their needs.

This concludes that:

Types of Communication 1. 2.

Type of Communication According to Mode; Type of Communication According to Context; and 3. Type of Communication According to Purpose and Style. The art of communication is the language of leadership. ~ James Humes

Types of Communication According to Mode The term mode is derived from the Latin word "modus" meaning "manner, way, or method". Hence, the following are type of communicating according to how they are made or performed: 1.

Verbal Communication. The term verbal came from the Latin "Verbo" which means "Word." Examples of verbal communications include conversation, presenting a plan, debating, sending e-mails, SMS, posting announcements, among others. 2. Non-Verbal Communication. This type of communication involve communicating without employing written or spoken words. However, we know that for a fact, we cannot separate words from our non-verbals. Thereupon, for

Purposive Communication Reviewer purposes of discussion, we will further look at non-verbal communication into its various categories to satisfy or learning objectives:

1. Kinesics. Kinesics is the study of how we use body movement and facial expressions. We interpret a great deal of meaning through body movement, facial expressions, and eye contact. 2. Oculesics which comes from the Latin word oculus, meaning “eye.” The face and eyes are the main point of focus during communication, and along with our ears our eyes take in most of the communicative information around us. Certain eye behaviors have become tied to personality traits or emotional states, as illustrated in phrases like “hungry eyes,” “evil eyes,” and “bedroom eyes.” 3. Haptics is the study of touch. Touch is the first type of nonverbal communication we experience as humans and is vital to our development and health (Dolin & Booth-Butterfield; Wilson, et al.). We use touch to share feelings and relational meanings. Hugs, kisses, handshakes, or even playful roughhousing demonstrate relational meanings and indicate relational closeness. 4. Proxemics is the study of how our use of space influences the ways we relate with others. It also demonstrates our relational standing with those around us (May). Edward Hall developed four categories of space we use in the U.S. to form and maintain relationships. Intimate space consists of space that ranges from touch to eighteen inches. We use intimate space with those whom we are close (family members, close friends, and intimate partners). Intimate space is also the context for physical fighting and violence. Personal space ranges from eighteen inches to four feet and is reserved for most conversations with non-intimate others (friends and acquaintances). Social space extends from four to twelve feet and is used for small group interactions such as sitting around a dinner table with others or a group meeting. Public space extends beyond twelve feet and is most often used in public speaking situations. We use space to regulate our verbal communication and communicate relational and social meanings. A fun exercise to do is to go to a public space and observe people. Based on their use of the above categories of space, try to determine what type of

relationship the people are in: Romantic, Family, or Friends. 5. Chronemics is the study of how people use time. Levine believes our use of time communicates a variety of meanings to those around us. 6. Paralanguage is the term we use to describe vocal qualities such as pitch, volume, inflection, rate of speech, and rhythm. How we say words often expresses greater meaning than the actual words themselves. Sarcasm and incongruence are two examples of this. The comedian Stephen Wright bases much of his comedy on his use of paralanguage. He talks in a completely monotone voice throughout his act and frequently makes statements such as, “I’m getting really excited” while using a monotone voice, accompanied by a blank facial expression. The humor lies in the in congruency—his paralanguage and facial expression contradict his verbal message. 7.Finally, silence serves as a type of nonverbal communication when we do not use words or utterances to convey meanings. Silence has a variety of meanings and, as with other types of nonverbal communication; context plays an important role for interpreting the meaning of silence. 3.

Visual Communication. This type of communication covers a wide range of communicative activities and events which are generally perceived by the visual sense. It covers the signs, symbols, codes, even smoke signals, as well as communications that involves the use of visuals, presentations, billboards, tarps, and all.

Types of Communication According to Context Communication context refers to the entire situation, environment, time, place and event as well as the surrounding circumstances where the entire communication takes place. In this, the following are the types of communication according to context: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Intrapersonal Communication. Interpersonal communication. Extended Communication. Organizational Communication.

Purposive Communication Reviewer Intrapersonal Communication The Latin prefix " intra" means "within or inside", hence, intrapersonal communication means communication with or within oneself. When we are engaged in a deep thought, decision making activity, contemplating, and self talk, we are doing interpersonal communication. In almost every thing that we do which requires a bit of self-introspection, we are essentially communicating with ourselves. Special consideration is given to self-talks. They are very important to boost our self-confidence and self esteem. We do self talk not only via oral means but also written as well. Do you find it normal to talk to yourself? Interpersonal Communication The Latin prefix inter means "between among and together" which means, interpersonal communication is communicating with or among other persons. In this context, the number of persons communicating may suggest that there are various types of interpersonal communication. IC may have two functions: (1) interactional, which functions to establish or deepen relationships such as casual greetings, short talks, and brief introductions; and (2) transactional, which aims to achieve an objective or goal such as dialogues, debates, asking for directions, etc. Read the communication situations depicted on pages 18-19 in our official textbook for a detailed example. 1.

Dyadic Communication. The Latin prefix dyad means "two" which means, dyadic communication involves communication between to persons such as dialogue, debate, among others. However, dyadic communication may also involve two groups, sides, and parties which may have more than two persons communicating at a given moment such as agreements, tutorials, interviews, among others. 2. Triadic Communication. The Latin prefix triad means "three", which suggests that triadic communication is communication among three persons, such as court litigation, arbitration, treaty; three sides, or three groups, which, as suggested, may involve more than three individuals. 3. Small Group Communication. A small group of 4-10 persons is very manageable for a small group communication. SGC is a very effective communication platform to achieve very meaningful goals which are rather difficult

to do in a dyadic and triadic communications. Examples of SGC include club officers' meetings, faculty deliberations, committee caucuses, among others. 4. Public Communication. The term public is derived from the Latin publicus, meaning "people at a gathering", hence, communicating with a group of gathered people in a venue. In this context, a number of persons ranging from 11 and above gathered in a venue listening (as receivers) to a speaker (sender) may constitute a public communication. In PC, there are two requirements needed: (1) a public address system through which the sender uses to address such a large crowd, if needed, and (2) a system of control by the sender over the behavior of the receivers. Public communication happens during lectures, symposiums, seminars, presentations, and many other instances where the requirements are present. 5. Mass Communication. This type of communication has the largest, broadest, and widest range of possible audiences where the sender can't seem to enforce control over the receivers anymore. Mass comm, as popularly called, employs the triumvirate of (1) Print (newspapers, books, magazines, etc), (2) Audio (AM/FM band, two-way radio, etc), and (3) Audio-visual also known as Broadcast media (TV, Movie, Advertisements, Short and Indie Films, etc) to reach out to such audiences. Extended Communication Extended communication involves the use of electronic media. The description of EC may be expanded to include tele, audio, or video conferencing such as Skype, Facetime, Duo and Messenger, among others. In short, all forms of communications utilizing the latest technological electronic trends fall under EC and that being, utmost care and caution must be exercised when engaging in it. Organizational Communication This is the type of communication being utilized in the course of interaction in the context of an organization. The Focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. Typically, organizations have communication protocols and standards which is clear and obeyed by everyone within.

Purposive Communication Reviewer Normally, there are two structures of organizational communication, which are (1) Formal, which include memorandum, circulars, bulletins, and newsletters; and (2) Informal, which include SMS, tweets, and even the "grapevine" means such as gossips, rumors, etc. Under the formal structure, there are four communication flows which include: 1.

downward communication (top-down flow) when the higher-ups communicate to those in the lower rank and file; 2. upward communication (bottom-up flow) communication when those rank and file below communicates to their superiors; 3. horizontal communication (lateral flow) when employees of the same rank and position communicate with each other; and 4. crosswise communication (diagonal flow) when employees from different units and ranks communicate, even towards outside the organization. Grapevine – unofficial channels of message flow. Messages coming from different levels of the organization are transmitted. “Company cultures are like the country cultures. Never try to change one. Try instead, to work, with what you’ve got” – Peter Drucker

hindrance, at a little cost and in a proper way. Such as meetings, legal and commercial notices, reports and documents. 2. Informal communication does not employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members and acquaintances. Moreover, it is also casual communication between coworkers in the workplace. It is unofficial in nature and is based in the informal, social relationships that are formed in a workplace outside of the normal hierarchy of business structure. Such as casual discussions, sharing of feelings, gossips and others. Lesson 3: Communication Processes, Principles, and Ethics Communication Models A model is often abstract. It is a representation of a real world phenomenon applied to different forms. Four Communication Models Aristotle’s Communication Model

Intercultural Communication As the term implies, intercultural communication is the communication between or among people having different linguistic, religion, ethnic, social, professional, and gender backgrounds. Utmost care should be exercised when communicating with a diverse groups of individuals. We are studying intercultural communications in order for us to be culturally-sensitive and have a very high tolerance with others. We should avoid our cultural biases and prejudices so as not to hurt others because of their cultural affiliations. Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style

Aris totle, writing 300 years before the birth of Christ, provided an explanation of oral communication that is still worthy of attention. Aristotle's model of communication is widely accepted model up to this time. Aristotle called the study of communication "rhetoric." Rhetoric is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. Aristotle Model of Communication is formed with 3 basic elements (i) Speaker, (ii) Speech, (iii) Audience. In the context of Public speaking Aristotle suggests that the speakers must adjust their speech for different audience on different times (occasions) and for different effects. The speaker must analyze the audience needs.

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Laswell’s Communication Model

Formal communication employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Moreover, it also refers to interchange of information officially and the flow of communication is controlled and is a deliberate effort. This makes it possible for the information to reach the desired place without any

Purposive Communication Reviewer like a circle where people communicate and feedback will be given back to the sender and yes, a complete circle. But of course just saying and giving feedback is easy, but there is also the process of communication. There are also other elements in the process of communication other than the sender and the receiver. For example, there is the encoding and decoding of message and also the channel which is the noise. David Berlo’s Communication Model Lassw ell’s communication model was developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (19021978) in 1948. Lasswell’s model of communication (also known as action model or one way model of communication) is regarded as one the most influential communication models. Though Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication, this model is used for interpersonal communication or group communication to be disseminated message to various groups in various situations. Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries and businesses at that time. Only rich people used to have communication mediums such as televisions and radios back them. It was made to show the mass media culture. This model is similar to Aristotle’s. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model

Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s for Bell Laboratories. Originally was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio and television. The above diagram shows Shannon and Weaver’s model which is also known as “mother of all models”. Through understanding the diagram and research, this model probably is complete. Communication is said to be completed

David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well-known among the communication models. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication represents the process of communication in its simplest form. The acronym SMCR stands for Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver. It was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication describes the different components that form the basic process of communication. Because this communication tool also emphasizes the coding and decoding of the message, it can be used for more efficient communication. As far back as ancient Greece, Aristotle already wrote about communication processes. He described three primary aspects of all forms of communication: the speaker, the subject, and the person who receives the message. He argued that it is the listener who ultimately determines the meaning of any particular message. Similar to modern theories on communication, Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication describes four components of communication.

Communication Elements The Sender-Method-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication, sometimes called the Berlo's Model, is the most basic form of communication we engage in today. It's really less

Purposive Communication Reviewer of a ''model,'' and more of an identification of the parts of communication as a whole. The SMCR model relies on the following key elements:

General Principles of Effective Communication

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Sender is the person who originates the message. Message is the content that is being communicated. Channel is the medium being used to transmit the message. Receiver is the person who the message is directed toward. Feedback is the response or reaction of the receiver about the message. Noise is anything that disrupts, disturbs, or distorts the normal flow of communication. There are different classifications of noises and these are: o Physical noise is any noise that is man-made, animal-produced, or emanating from the physical environment. o Mechanical noise is any noise that is produced or created by machines. o Physiological noise is any physiological defect or deformity that affects the sender or receiver's ability to communicate. o Psychological noise is anything that disrupts or hinders the interlocutors' ability to communicate effectively. o Syntactic noise refers to errors in the structure or construction of the message or idea that hampers communication. o Semantic noise refers to distortion of meanings that affect the exchange of information. o Cultural noise is the cultural prejudice, bias, and stereotype that may affect our judgment and perception of other people. o Organizational noise is the organizational belief and attitude that is influenced by one affinity to an organization.

This model was first developed in 1960 by David Berlo, a theoretician and founder of the communications department at Michigan State University. It's used in television advertising, newspaper and...