Purposive Communication (Speaking) PDF

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Topic : Speaking1 Public Speaking. The act of speaking to a group of people in a formal, deliberate manner in order to educate, influence, or entertain the audience is known as public speaking. It is closely related to "presenting," though the latter connotes more commercial advertising. Public spea...

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Topic : Speaking 1.Define Public Speaking. The act of speaking to a group of people in a formal, deliberate manner in order to educate, influence, or entertain the audience is known as public speaking. It is closely related to "presenting," though the latter connotes more commercial advertising. Public speaking is widely understood as a type of face-to-face communication between individuals and an audience. 2.What are the Important Elements of Public Speaking?(Define) The Speaker - The speaker, or the source of the message, is one of the most important of the key elements of public speaking. Many speakers overlook the fact that they are the presentation, not the visual aids they employ. The Message - What the speaker says, both verbally and physically, is referred to as the message. When the presentations are disorganized, the message's effect is diminished. From the first 60 seconds until the end of the intervention, a speech or presentation must captivate and affect the audience in order to achieve the desired outcome. The Audience - Before delivering a speech, a professional speaker should evaluate his audience and determine how to present his ideas. Some essential factors may be included in this analysis: Age, sex, marital status, ethnicity, geographic location, community type (homogeneous or heterogeneous), schooling, trade, activity, and career are all factors to consider.The speaker should always adapt their language and attire to the audience. (As much as possible) The Channel - When a speaker interacts with his audience, he or she employs a variety of methods. The nonverbal channel : gestures, the visual channel : diagrams , and the auditory channel : tone of voice, are among them. The Feedback - While it might seem odd

to some that feedback is one of the essential elements of public speaking, rest assured that it is one of the most important things to be aware of. The mechanism by which the speaker receives an answer or information from the audience after they have received the message is known as feedback. The speaker's response to the concept is required before the feedback process is complete. The Noise - A speaker should be aware of two forms of noise: There is both external and internal noise. Laughter, poor auditorium acoustics, temperature (too hot or too cold), poor ventilation, visual interference such as low light, or barriers between the speaker and the audience are examples of external noise. When a speaker is baffled or conveys an ambiguous message, internal noise occurs. The Place or Situation - One of the most significant factors in the performance of a speech is the venue in which it is delivered. It's a good idea to go over the location or auditorium where you'll be giving your presentation. You must also know ahead of time when you will talk in public and arrange all information in order to take all necessary precautions.

3.What are the bad voice qualities? (Define) Nasal, hoarse, sharp or creaky, strong, lachrymose, with shortness of breath, disconnected, too noisy, too quiet, shy, colorless, sarcastic, reluctant, tense, weak, monotonous, and dull sounds are all characteristics of a bad speech. Rather, improving your voice starts with expanding your knowledge of the craft and understanding your voice's strengths and weaknesses. Following that, you will learn how to create a more natural voice and tone, as well as polish the rough areas in your voice. 4.What are the forms prepared speech? (Define and give 5 examples)

A prepared speech is the most common form of speech. A prepared speech is one in which the speaker has been given the subject ahead of time, has had time to do background research on it, and has practiced delivering it. When making a presentation or participating in a business meeting, this form of speech may be used. An extemporaneous, manuscripted, or memorized speech, or a combination of these techniques, forms a prepared speech. Extemporaneous Speech is the delivery of a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech in a conversational style by using just a few notes. The extemporaneous speaker may create and maintain eye contact with the audience and determine how well they are following the speech as it progresses by using notes rather than a complete manuscript. Ex: 1. When an actor practices their lines only once before a performance. 2. The speech delivered by Mr Nehru on the midnight of 14th of August 1947 3. Political Speech 4. You are at a meeting where your boss is presenting a number of different ideas and options for how your company can go forward on a sales initiative. Suddenly he stops and asks you for your opinion - how you respond would be extemporaneous speaking. 5. You’re traveling and suddenly see a coworker in the airport lounge. You had no idea that this co-worker was traveling and so you have to generate a conversation for a short period of time until your flight boards or until your co-worker needs to leave. Manuscript Speech - The word-for-word repetition of a written message is known as manuscript speaking. Except for using visual aids, the speaker in a manuscript speech keeps his or her attention on the written paper. Ex: 1. A televised news report (given using a teleprompter) seen on television.

2. A speech given at a wedding by a best man, or during a funeral. 3. A religious proclamation issued by any religious leader. 4. A speech in honor of a well-known and revered person. 5. Oral report of a given chapter in American history, presented as a high school assignment. Memorized Speech - The rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory is known as memorized speech. Actors, for example, recite from memory while performing from a script in a stage play, television show, or movie scene. Ex: 1. Stage Play 2. Television Programs 3. Movie Scene 4. Business Meeting 5. Report 5.What are the speeches for special occasions ?(Define and give 5 examples) 1. Speech of Introduction - A speech of introduction introduces the event's main speaker and encourages the audience to pay attention to him or her (O'Hair & Stewart, 1999). Any introduction speech should be short. After all, the person introducing you shouldn't be the center of attention. Ex: 1. introduces the main speaker at an event and inspires the audience to listen to that speaker 2. Self introduction 3. "Hello, everyone. Thank you for having me. My name is ______ _______, and I am going to be speaking to you today about _______. To begin, _______ is important because…” 4. "Imagine” Scenario - “Imagine jumping out of a skydiving plane and discovering your parachute doesn’t work. What memories would flash before you? Now imagine the parachute opened. How differently would you act when you

landed?” 5. Opening with a relevant quote 2. Toast - (O'Hair & Stewart, 1999) A toast is a brief homage to an individual or event. A toast also gives the speaker the opportunity to recognize achievements and share best wishes for the future (Adler & Elmhorst, 2010). Ex : 1. "We lift our glasses to Ms. Becky McPherson, who has devoted 20 years to our organization. Not only have we benefited from her tireless hours building this company, but there is no way to measure how much she has touched each of our lives. So, it is Becky McPherson that we humbly toast this evening." 2. “Wishing them all the health, wealth and happiness in the world, I'd like you all to join me in toasting the happy couple. Ladies and Gentlemen, the bride and groom.” 3. “Now it only remains for me to get you all on your feet. And with charged glasses [pause] I'd like you to join me in toasting the new Mr and Mrs Roberts." 4. “So I’d like you all to charge your glasses and join me in toasting the new Mr and Mrs Brown. Ladies and Gentlemen, I give you the bride and groom.” 5. “Before we toast the happy couple, here’s to wives and lovers everywhere – and to them never, ever meeting!” 3. Speech To Present an Award - A presentational speech, in which a speaker presents an individual with an award or reward, is required when presenting an award. The primary goal of this speech is to honor the recipient and his or her achievements in relation to that particular award. Ex : 1. “Every year, ABC Company recognises one employee who has consistently gone above and beyond the call of duty by naming him or her the Employee of the Year. Though everyone at ABC gives 100%, one of the reasons we’ve had such stellar years, this person has a habit of giving 115%. This year’s winner will be

awarded an engraved plaque, accompanied with a cheque for £100 as an extra thank you for all he or she has given to ABC.” 2. “This year’s winner has worked at ABC for some time now. She’s always given her best, but really made a splash this year by tackling some projects that others said couldn’t be done. Without her drive and energy, ABC Company could never have unrolled its new product line in time for the holiday season.” 3. "The first day Joan Henry volunteered at the Southview SPCA, she performed a miracle. In one dog run was a little scared poodle named Gigi. Gigi had cowered from everyone who tried to approach her and refused to eat, and the staff was getting concerned. Joan asked if she could try. The staff agreed but told her not to get her hopes up. Joan entered the run, sat down and remained perfectly still for the longest time. Finally, Gigi crept out of the corner, sniffed Joan and then, to our amazement, curled up in Joan’s lap and fell asleep. It was one of the most remarkable things any of us had ever seen.Since that day 10 years ago, Joan has become an invaluable and beloved member of the Southview family. During that time, by some estimates, she has walked 10,000 dogs and scooped 25,000 litter boxes. She has helped organize fundraising events, assisted at vaccination clinics and got Southview set up on social media. And she’s done all this without ever being paid a dime. Joan is passionate and compassionate, determined and softhearted. She has boundless energy, is quick to laugh and, as all of us here know, is completely obsessed with pistachio ice cream. Countless animals owe her their thanks and we here at Southview owe her even more. Ladies and gentleman, the Southview SPCA’s volunteer of the year — Joan Henry!" 4. "Good evening folks, It is with great pleasure that I join you here today to present the Outstanding Achievement Award for Social Service on behalf of (your company). This is the25th year this award has been presented, and it remains

one of the highest honors in this field, recognizing the person in our community whose work has had a truly outstanding impact in the lives of many. As a committee member, I can tell you that the nominees this year were some of the most incredible, hardworking and compassionate people I've had the pleasure of knowing. However, one person stood out for their remarkable career in this field. They have made an inestimable contribution to our community over their 20 years of work in our public school systems, working to improve the lives of our students and future leaders. They have gone on to become an example in social work and innovation in combatting homelessness and worked tirelessly to obtain greater resources for people in marginalized communities. I have had the absolute honor of working closely with this person throughout their career, and I cannot be happier to see them honored here tonight. Without further ado, the Outstanding Achievement Award for Social Service goes to (name of winner). Please join me in welcoming them to the stage. 5. "Good evening ladies and gentlemen. My name is Wendy Russell and it’s my honour, as Chair of the Selection Committee, to present this year’s Harry Carmichael Memorial Award. The Harry Carmichael Memorial Award was inaugurated in 1985 in memory of the late Harry Carmichael, who was an outstanding athlete and citizen of our city. The recipient of the Harry Carmichael Award must have demonstrated, over a significant period of time, dedication to the promotion of athletics in our city, combined with a strong sense of civic and family duty. It’s been said of this year’s winner that he has for some time, and continues to, put his whole heart and soul into his community, his sports and his family. He’s a past president of the Kiwanis Club. He’s a member of City Council. In his younger days he played baseball and football at the High School, College, and State levels. He’s coached kids’ football and baseball for the past

twenty years. He and his wife have raised four outstanding children. Ladies and gentlemen please acknowledge this year’s Harry Carmichael Memorial Award winner…………Mr. Hank Dalton!” 4. Eulogies - A eulogy is a speech made in memory of a deceased person. (An eulogy is not to be confused with an elegy, which is a poem or song about mourning.) You are unlikely to give many eulogies in your lifetime unless you are a pastor, priest, rabbi, imam, or other religious leader. Ex: 1. “Amanda and I met on the first day of kindergarten. I was crying, because, as many of you know, I don’t do well with change. Amanda marched right up to me and took my hand. ‘Don’t worry,’ she said. ‘I’ll take care of you.’ That’s the kind of person she was. She was always the kind of person who would step up and take care of someone sad or hurt or afraid. That’s why none of us were surprised when she became a firefighter. On the worst day of people’s lives, she was there. She was willing to put herself on the line to protect people and their families. In the end, she died saving people and she wouldn’t have had any regrets about that, so I can’t either. I’m still sad about it though. I still don’t do well with change. And I wish she was here to hold my hand and get me through.” 2. “Charles Kettering once said, ‘Every father should remember one day his son will follow his example, not his advice.' I don’t know if my dad knew that quote, but it was certainly the way he lived his life. While some of my friends’ dads had an attitude that seemed to be, ‘Do as I say, not as I do,’ my father would have never asked that of me. If there was anything he couldn’t stand it was hypocrisy. I’m so proud of the kind of dad I had. I hope that as he looks down on me from heaven, he’ll continue to be proud of the kind of son I am.” 3. “When I was young, I remember asking my mom why she wasn’t home waiting

for me after school like the moms of so many of my friends. She told me that while being a mother was an incredible calling, she felt that her skills and talents that she needed to share with the world. My mother was the first female surgeon to practice at her hospital. She prepared for that as one of the only female medical students in her class. People challenged her ability to be both a mother and a surgeon, but she brought the same passion and commitment to both roles. And she did it without tearing down other women who walked different paths. She has inspired me as both her daughter and as a physician.” 4. “When I used to go to my friends’ houses after school, I could never understand why their older brothers shooed us away when we wanted to play with them. After all, my older brother never treated me like that. Before long, it felt like he wasn’t just my big brother—he was everyone’s big brother. All my friends wanted to play at our house because they loved Manuel so much. He didn’t treat us like we were dumb or annoying because we happened to be younger than he was. He was always so generous with his time and attention. The world has lost such a special person.” 5. “I was an only child growing up but in truth, it never felt that way. Rachel was more of a sister to me than a cousin. We were the same age, we wore the same size, and we both had the Andrews’ family combination of red hair and green eyes. We looked enough alike that no one questioned us when we said we were twins. In recent years, we lived farther away from each other than we ever had before. But we remained close, and I don’t know what I’ll do without our weekly Sunday night phone calls.” 6.What are the forms of speeches in general purposes?(Define and give 5 examples)

The general purpose of a speech is to inform, persuade or entertain an audience. These three categories will apply to all speeches. 1. Informative Speech - An informative speech is one in which the speaker informs the audience about a particular subject. It's worth noting that the goal of an informative speech is close to the goal of an informative essay. Ex : 1. College professor lecturing on a specific topic during a class. 2. Guest speaker presenting information to a group of students about how to apply for college. 3. Company president presenting information about last quarter's sales to a group of board members. 4. Pastor teaching a class about the meaning behind Holy Communion in the Christian Church. 5. Doctor talking to a group about ways to avoid heart disease. 2. Persuasive Speech - A persuasive speech is one in which the speaker tries to convince the audience to feel a certain way, take a certain action, or endorse a particular opinion or purpose. It's worth noting that the objective of a persuasive speech is close to that of an argumentative or persuasive essay. Ex : 1. A teenager attempting to convince her parents that she needs to be able to stay out until 11pm instead of 10pm. 2. A student council president trying to convince school administrators to allow the students to have a dance after the final football game of the season. 3. A lawyer giving a closing argument in court, arguing about whether the defendant is innocent or guilty of the crime. 4. Excerpt from Mark Antony's speech in Julius Caesar: Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them;

The good is oft interred with their bones; So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest– For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all, all honourable men– 5. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech is one of the most famous persuasive speeches of all time. Excerpt: Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. 3. Entertainment Speech - An entertaining speech is one that is intended to hold the attention of the audience and regale or amuse them when delivering a message. Ex : 1. Telling jokes 2. Telling funny stories 3. Dramatizing an anecdote 4. Telling scary stories

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