Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION PROCESSESDavid Berlo’ SMCR Model of CommunicationWestley & Maclean ModelCOMMUNICATION PRINCIPLESCommunication -a two-way process of giving and receiving information through any number of channels.Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressi...

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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION PROCESSES

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David Berlo’ SMCR Model of Communication

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symbols, we are not the only creatures that engage in nonverbal communication. Tends to do the work of communicating emotions more than verbal. no official grammar guides govern our use of nonverbal signals. we are not the only creatures that engage in nonverbal communication.

Verbal Communication  Westley & Maclean Model

Communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and helps in expressing our emotions in word

4 Types of Verbal Communication 1.

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES Communication -a two-way process of giving and receiving information through any number of channels.

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Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report, the following basic principles apply: • • • • • • • • • • •

Know your audience. Know your purpose. Know your topic. Anticipate objections. Present a rounded picture. Achieve credibility with your audience. Follow through on what you say. Communicate a little at a time. Present information in several ways. Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback. Use multiple communication techniques

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STYLES OF COMMUNICATION • • • •

Friendly, Sociable Directive,Persuasive, Demanding, Blaming Speculative, Intuitive, Searching, Exploring, or Intellectual Disclosing, Revealing, Explicit, Responsive, Accepting, and Aware

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Non-verbal Communication • • •

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a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words. typically governed by the right side of the brain and verbal, the left. In terms of composition, although there are rules of grammar that structure our verbal communication, no such official guides govern our use of nonverbal signals. Whereas we humans are unique in our capacity to abstract and transcend space and time using verbal

Intrapersonal Communication o This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to ourselves o It includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions o This process of communication when analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to someone or stay confined as thoughts. Interpersonal Communication o This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation. o The two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner. Small Group Communication o This type of communication can take place only when there are more than two people involved. o the number of people will be small enough to allow each participant to interact and converse with the rest o Press conferences, board meetings, and team meetings are examples of group communication. o *Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small group discussions can become chaotic and difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in understanding information completely can result in miscommunication. Public Communication o This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a large gathering of people o Election campaigns and public speeches are example of this type of communication. o In such cases, there is usually a single sender of information and several receivers who are being addressed.

Principles of Verbal Communications 1.

Language Has Rules - Language is a code, a collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are arranged according to the rules of syntax and are used to communicate. o Syntactic rules - govern the order of words in a sentence.

Semantic rules - govern the meaning of words and how to interpret them. o Contextual rules - govern meaning and word choice according to context and social custom. Our Reality Is Shaped by Our Language Language Is Arbitrary and Symbolic 2 type of word meanings: o Denotative - the common meaning, often found in the dictionary o Connotative - not found in the dictionary but in the community of users itself. It can involve an emotional association with a word, positive or negative, and can be individual or collective, but is not universal. Language Is Abstract Language Organizes and Classifies Reality o We all use systems of classification to navigate through the world. o Imagine how confusing life would be if we had no categories such as male/female, young/old, tall/short, doctor/nurse/teacher. o These categories only become problematic when we use them to uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that are no longer valid. Language Organizes and Classifies Reality o We all use systems of classification to navigate through the world. Imagine how confusing life would be if we had no categories such as male/female, young/old, tall/short, doctor/nurse/teacher. These categories only become problematic when we use them to uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that are no longer valid. o

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COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION Globalization •

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Communication - The impairing or exchanging of information or news. Ethical communication • •

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Is fundamental to thoughtful decision making and responsible thinking It is about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within & across context, cultures, channels and media Accepting responsibilities for the message you convey to others and the short term / long term consequences of your communication

Beneficence – to promote good Nonmaleficence – to do no harm Autonomy – respect for others Veracity – honesty Justice – fairness

Characteristics of an Ethical communicator • •

Honesty – encourages free flow of ideas Confidentiality – protecting the privacy

we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that were outside of our scope before; opens up your sense of what parts of the world are accessible to you, which in turn lays the foundation for an evolved worldview. the world becomes more accessible and equitable in general; Globalization creates a space for ideas to transcend borders and social strata. When you can see the world through new eyes, you have the opportunity to innovate and really develop new educational opportunities, rethink how and why we communicate and create new systems to do both.

WORLD ENGLISHES • •

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Principles of Ethical communication • • • • •

Can be seen as referring to a process whereby the introduction of external elements changes the context in which a given collectivity has hitherto evolved (Raboy, 2002) Described as a structural phenomenon of increasing interdependence among various parts of the world, for which the effects of an action feel at a distance has produced a variety of economic, cultural, and social changes that have shaped the world over the past 50 years (Cornalli & Tirocchi, 2016)

Globalization (baxter, 2018)

ETHICAL COMMUNICATION Ethics - The study of values & morals, of what is right and wrong.

Courtesy – sensitivity to cultural values / belief Respectful – values other as an integral part Credit

All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the communication needs of its speakers. Some varieties, however, are more prestigious than others because of social attitudes about the speakers of these varieties. The idea, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English of one’s country because each variety, including those of the US and UK, has its own peculiar or individual features. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Ways to Become Effective Intercultural Communicators: 1. 2. 3.

Understanding what a culture is Identifying how cultures differ from one another Realizing how those differences influence communication

Culture and Related Concepts: •

Culture - is the system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and norms that guide what is considered appropriate

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among an identifiable group of people. (Samovan,Porter,& McDaniel, 2009) Values - are the commonly accepted standards of what is considered right and wrong, good and evil, fair and unfair, just and unjust. Intercultural Communication - refers to interactions that occur between people whose cultures are so different that the communication between them is altered. Dominant culture - refers to the learned system of norm held by the majority group of empowered people in a society. Co-culture - is a group comprised of a smaller number of people who have common values, beliefs, attitudes and customs that differ from those of the dominant culture. Cultural identity - is the part of our self-concept that is a based on how closely we associate with both the dominant culture and various co-cultures Ethnicity - is a classification of people based on combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality, geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs, and traditions

Factors that Contribute to the Formation of Co-cultures: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Race Ethnicity Sex and Gender Sexual Orientation Religion Socioeconomic Status Age/Generation Disability

How Cultures Differ: Individualism / Collectivism •

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Individualistic Cultures - value personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. Collectivist Cultures - value community, collaboration, shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment.

Influence of Individualism / Collectivism on communication: 1. These affect self-concept and self-esteem 2. Highly individualistic cultures lead members to be assertive 3. These influence how people make group decisions Context •

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Low-context cultures - speakers use words to convey most of the meaning; verbal messages are direct, specific and detailed. High-context cultures - speakers’ messages are understood from the context. Low-context communicators to High - Be mindful that building a good relationship first is important for long-term effectiveness; NV messages and gestures will probably be more important than what is actually said. High-context communicators to Low - Recognize that the verbal message should be taken at face value and direct questions, assertions, and observations are not meant to

be offensive; Recognize that they might not notice or understand indirect contextual cues. Chronemics •

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Monochronic cultures - view time as a series of small units that occur sequentially. These cultures value punctuality, uninterrupted task completion, meeting deadlines, following plans, and doing things one thing at a time. Polychronic cultures - view time as a continuous flow. People who abide by this time orientation are comfortable doing several things at once, having a flexible schedule or none at all, and disregarding deadlines to satisfy other needs.

Uncertainty Avoidance • •

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is the extent to which people desire to predict what is going to happen. Low uncertainty avoidance cultures - tolerate uncertainty and are less driven to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events. High uncertainty avoidance cultures - have low tolerance for uncertainty and a high need to control unpredictable people, relationships, or events.

Masculinity/Femininity • •

Masculine culture - members are expected to adhere to traditional gender roles. Feminine culture - people assume a variety of roles and are valued for doing so regardless of sex.

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Short-term oriented culture - tends to value rewards in the here and now and thus, emphasizes quick results, fulfilling social obligations, and getting to the bottom line efficiently. Long-term oriented culture - emphasizes potential future rewards that will eventually be realized after slow and steady perseverance toward achieving a mutually acceptable result.

Developing Intercultural Communication Competence: Potential Barriers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Anxiety Assumed Similarity or Difference Ethnocentrism Stereotyping Incompatible Communication Codes Incompatible Norms and Values

Competent Communication Strategies 1.

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Acquire Accurate Knowledge a) Formal Study b) Observation c) Immersion Adopt an Appropriate Attitude a) Tolerate ambiguity b) Be open-minded c) Be altruistic Develop Culture-Centered Skills a) Practice Listening

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Practice Intercultural Empathy

c) Develop Flexibility...