TFN (Jean Watson\'s Theory of Transpersonal Caring) PDF

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Biography of Jean Watson Jean Watson (June 10, 1940 – present) is an American nurse theorist and nursing professor who is well known for her “Philosophy  and Theory of Transpersonal Caring.” She has also written numerous texts, including Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Watson’s study on caring has been integrated into education and patient care to various nursing schools and healthcare facilities all over the world.

Early Life Jean Watson was born Margaret Jean Harmon and grew up in the small town of Welch, West Virginia, in the Appalachian Mountains. She was the youngest of eight children and was surrounded by an extended family–community environment. Watson attended high school in West Virginia and then the Lewis Gale School of Nursing in Roanoke, Virginia, where she graduated in 1961.

Personal Life After her graduation in 1961, Jean Watson married her husband, Douglas, and moved west to his native state of Colorado. In 1997, she experienced an accidental injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye  and soon after, in 1998, her husband, whom she considers as her physical and spiritual partner, and her best friend  passed away and left Watson and their two grown daughters, Jennifer and Julie, and five grandchildren. Watson states that she is “attempting to integrate these wounds into my l ife and work. One of the gifts through the suffering was the privilege of experiencing and receiving my own theory through the care from my husband and loving nurse friends and colleagues.” These two personal life-altering events contributed to writing her third book, Postmodern Nursing and Beyond.

Education Jean Watson ardently and quickly progressed through her nursing education earning her bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1964, a master of science in nursing in psychiatric and mental health nursing in 1966, and a Ph.D. in educational psychology and counseling in 1973, all from the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Career and Appointments After Jean Watson concluded her doctoral degree, she has served in both faculty and administrative positions in the School of Nursing faculty, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver. In 1981 and 1982, she pursued international sabbatical studies in New Zealand, Australia, India, Thailand, and Taiwan. In the 1980s, Watson and colleagues established the Center for Human Caring at the University of Colorado, the nation’s first interdisciplinary center committed to using human caring knowledge for clinical practice, scholarship, and administration and leadership. At the center, Watson and others sponsor clinical, educational, and community scholarship activities and projects in human caring. These activities involve national and international scholars in residence, as well as international connections with colleagues around the world, such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Thailand, and Venezuela, among others. Activities such as these continue at the University of Colorado’s International Certificate Program in Caring Healing, where Watson offers her theory courses for doctoral students. Watson served as chairperson and assistant dean of the undergraduate program at the University of Colorado School of Nursing. She was involved in planning and implementation of the nursing PhD program and served as coordinator and director of the PhD program between 1978 and 1981. From 1983 to 1990, she was Dean of University of Colorado School of Nursing and Associate Director of Nursing Practice at

University Hospital. During her deanship, she was instrumental in the development of a post-baccalaureate nursing curriculum in human caring, health, and healing that led to a Nursing Doctorate (ND), a professional clinical doctoral degree that in 2005 became the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree. Between 1993 and 1996, Watson served as a member of the Executive Committee and the Governing Board, and as an officer for the NLN, and she was elected president from 1995 to 1996. In 2005, she took a sabbatical for a walking pilgrimage in the Spanish El Camino. And in 2008, Watson created a non-profit foundation: Watson Caring Science Institute, to further the work of Caring Science in the world.

Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring Watson’s Philosophy and Science of Caring is concerned on how nurses express care to their patients. Her theory stresses humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. The nursing model states that “ nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.” It focuses on health  promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. According to her theory, caring can be demonstrated and practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth; a caring environment accepts a person as he or she is, and looks to what he or she may become. Watson also defined three of the four metaparadigm concepts in nursing including person or human being, health, and n  ursing. She referred human  being as a valued

person in and of him or herself to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Human is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts. H  ealth, meanwhile, is defined as a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning; and the absence of illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of illness. And nursing  as a science of persons and health-illness experience that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, and ethical care interactions. She does not define the fourth metaparadigm concept of environment  but instead devised 10 caring needs specific carative  factors critical to the caring human experience that need to be addressed by nurses with their patients when in a caring role.

10 Carative Factors Watson’s 10 carative factors are: (1) forming humanistic-altruistic value systems, (2) instilling faith  -hope, (3) cultivating a sensitivity to self and others, (4) developing a helping-trust relationship, (5) promoting an expression of feelings, (6) using problem-solving for decision-making, (7) promoting teaching-learning, (8) promoting a supportive environment, (9) assisting with gratification of human needs, and (10) allowing for existential-phenomenological forces. The first three factors form the “philosophical foundation” for the science of caring, and the remaining seven come from that foundation. Within assisting with the gratification of human needs, Watson’s hierarchy of needs begins with lower-order  biophysical needs or survival  needs, which include the need for food and fluid, elimination, and ventilation. Next are the l ower-order psychophysical needs or functional  needs, which include the need for activity, inactivity, and sexuality. The higher  order psychosocial needs or integrative  needs

include the need for achievement, and affiliation. And finally the h  igher order intrapersonal-interpersonal need or growth-seeking need which is self-actualization. The nursing process outlined in Watson’s model contains the same steps as the scientific research process: assessment, plan, intervention, and evaluation  . The assessment  includes observation, identification, and review of the problem, as well as the formation of a hypothesis. Creating a care  plan helps the nurse determine how variables would be examined or measured, and what data would be collected. Intervention  is the implementation of the care plan and data collection. Finally, the evaluation  analyzes the data, interprets the results, and may lead to an additional hypothesis.

Works Watson has authored 11 books, shared in authorship of six books, and has written countless articles in nursing journals. The following publications reflect the evolution of her theory of caring from her ideas about the philosophy and science of caring. Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979) Watson’s first book was developed from her notes for an undergraduate course taught at the University of Colorado. Her early work embraced the 10 carative factors but evolved to include “caritas,” making explicit connections between caring and love. This book was reprinted in 1985 and translated into Korean and French. Human Science and Human Care – A Theory of Nursing (1985) This book, published in 1985 and reprinted in 1988 and 1999, addressed her conceptual and philosophical problems in nursing. Her second book has been translated into Chinese, German, Japanese, Korean, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, and probably other languages by now.

Postmodern Nursing and Beyond (1999) Watson’s third book was presented as a model to bring nursing practice into the twenty-first century. Watson describes two personal life-altering events that contributed to her writing. In 1997, she experienced an accidental injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye and soon after, in 1998, her husband died. Watson states that she is “attempting to integrate these wounds into my life and work. One of the gift  s through the suffering was the privilege of experiencing and receiving my own theory through the care from my husband and loving nurse friends and colleagues.” This book has been translated into Portuguese and Japanese. Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences (2002) This is a collection of 21 instruments to assess and measure caring, received the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award. This book provides all the essential research tools for assessing and measuring caring for those in the caring professions. Watson’s text is the only comprehensive and accessible collection of instruments for care measurement in clinical and educational nursing research. The measurements address quality of care, patient, client, and nurse perceptions of caring, and caring behaviors, abilities, and efficacy.This is Watson’s fourth book.  Caring Science as Sacred Science (2005) Watson’s fifth book describes her personal journey to enhance understanding about caring science, spiritual practice, the concept and practice of care, and caring-healing work. In this book, she leads the reader through thought-provoking experiences and the sacredness of nursing by emphasizing deep inner reflection and personal growth,

communication skills, use of self-transpersonal growth, and attention to both caring science and healing through forgiveness, gratitude  , and surrender. It received the American Journal of Nursing 2005 Book of the Year Award. International Research on Caritas as Healing (Nelson & Watson, 2011), Creating  a Caring Science Curriculum (Hills & Watson, 2011), and Human  Caring Science: A Theory of Nursing (Watson, 2012).

Awards and Honors Jean Watson has been active and hardworking in many community programs during her career. She has been a founder and a member of the Board of Boulder County Hospice, and numerous other collaborations with area health care facilities. She has received several research and advanced education federal grants and awards and numerous university and private grants and extramural funding for her faculty and administrative projects and scholarships in human caring. In 1992, the University of Colorado School of Nursing honored Watson as a d  istinguished professor of nursing. She received six honorary  doctoral degrees from universities in the United States and three Honorary Doctorates in international universities, including Göteborg University in Sweden, Luton University in London, and the University of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. She received the N  ational League for Nursing (NLN) Martha E. Rogers Award, which recognizes nurse scholars’ significant contributions to advancing nursing knowledge and knowledge in other health sciences in 1993. In 1997, the NLN awarded her an honorary lifetime certificate as a holistic nurse. Finally, in 1999, Watson assumed the nation’s first Murchison-Scoville Endowed Chair of Caring Science and currently is a distinguished professor of nursing. Watson was recognized as a Distinguished  Nurse Scholar by New York University in 1998. And in 1999, she received the Fetzer Institute’s National Norman Cousins Award in

recognition of her commitment to developing, maintaining, and exemplifying relationship-centered care practices. She is a Distinguished and/or Endowed  Lecturer at national universities, including Boston College, Catholic University, Adelphi University, Columbia University-Teachers College, State University of New York, and at universities and scholarly meetings in numerous foreign countries. Her international activities also include an International  Kellogg Fellowship in Australia in 1982, a Fulbright  Research and Lecture Award to Sweden and other parts of Scandinavia in 1991, and a lecture tour in the United Kingdom in 1993. Watson has been involved in international projects and has received invitations to New Zealand, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Israel, Japan, Venezuela, Korea, and other places. She is featured in at least 20 nationally distributed audiotapes, videotapes, and/or CDs on nursing theory. In 2010, Watson received an Honorary  Doctor of Sciences in Nursing from the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada.

Theory of Human Caring of Jean Watson Nowadays, a lot of people choose nursing as a profession. There are many reasons to consider in becoming a professional nurse, but compassion is often a trait required of nurses. This is for the reason that taking care of the patients’ needs is its primary purpose. Jean Watson’s “Philosophy  and Theory of Transpersonal Caring” mainly concerns on how nurses care for their patients, and how that caring progresses into better plans to promote health and wellness, prevent illness and restore health. In today’s world, nursing seems to be responding to the various demands of the machinery with less consideration of the needs of the person attached to the machine. In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without

caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes ADVERTISEMENTS

What is Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring? According to Watson’s theory, “ Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health.” It focuses on health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. According to Watson, caring is central to nursing practice, and promotes health better than a simple medical cure. The nursing model also states that caring can be demonstrated and practiced by nurses. Caring for patients promotes growth; a caring environment accepts a person as he or she is, and looks to what he or she may become.

Assumptions Watson’s model makes seven assumptions: (1) Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally. (2) Caring consists of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs. (3) Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth. (4) Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now, as well as what he or she may become. (5) A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the patient to choose the best action for him or herself at a given point in time. (6) A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing. (7) The practice of caring is central to nursing.

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Major Concepts The Philosophy and Science of Caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment or society, and nursing.

Society Society provides the values that determine how one should behave and what goals one should strive toward. Watson states: “Caring (and nursing) has existed in every society. Every society has had some people who have cared for others. A caring attitude is not transmitted from generation to generation by genes. It is transmitted by the culture of the profession as a unique way of coping with its environment.”

Human being Human being is a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted; in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Human is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts.

Health Health is the unity and harmony within the mind, body, and soul; health is associated with the degree of congruence between the self as perceived and the self as experienced. It is defined as a high level of overall physical, mental, and social functioning; a general adaptive-maintenance level of daily functioning; and the absence of illness, or the presence of efforts leading to the absence of illness.

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Nursing Nursing is a human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions.

Actual Caring Occasion Actual caring occasion involves actions and choices by the nurse and the individual. The moment of coming together in a caring occasion presents the two persons with the opportunity to decide how to be in the relationship – what to do with the moment.

Transpersonal The transpersonal concept is an intersubjective human-to-human relationship in which the nurse affects and is affected by the person of the other. Both are fully present in the moment and feel a union with the other; they share a phenomenal field that becomes part of the life story of both.

Subconcepts Phenomenal field The totality of human experience of one’s being in the world. This refers to the individual’s frame of reference that can only be known to that person.

Self The organized conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of the “I” or “ME” and the perceptions of the relationship of the “I” and “ME” to others and to various aspects of life.

Time The present is more subjectively real and the past is more objectively real. The past is prior to, or in a different mode of being than the present, but it is not clearly distinguishable. Past, present, and future incidents merge and fuse.

10 Carative Factors Watson devised 10 caring needs specific carative factors critical to the caring human experience that need to be addressed by nurses with their patients when in a caring role. As carative factors evolved within an expanding perspective, and as her ideas and values evolved, Watson offered a translation of the original carative factors into clinical caritas processes that suggested open ways in which they could be considered. The first three carative factors are the “philosophical foundation” for the science of caring, while the remaining seven derive from that foundation. The ten primary carative factors with their corresponding translation into clinical caritas processes are listed in the table below. Carative Factors and Caritas Processes

Carative Factors

Caritas Process

1. “The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values”

“Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within the context of caring consciousness”
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