Unit 5 pdf written assignment PDF

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Running head: [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS]

[Written Assignment unit 5] [Biol 1121] [University of the people]

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[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS]

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Endocrine:estrogen "Endocrine signals are signals from distant cells that are distant cells," which originates from the the endocrine system according to (Stephen Kemp, 2020) The endocrine signaling mechanism entails the hormones being the Specialized endocrine cells secrete and are transferred to the body via the bloodstream to bind to the receptor at a distant body location on the target cell. The endocrine system is made up of hormone-producing and secreting glands, chemical compounds produced in the body that control cell or organ function. These hormones influence the growth, metabolism (the body's physical and chemical processes), and sexual development and function of the body. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect the whole body with one or more organs. (Stephen Kemp, 2020)

Read the description of the pathway and write down its name then click on the image of the map.

Estrogen signaling pathway Estrogens are steroid hormones that regulate a plethora of physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction, cardiovascular protection, bone integrity, cellular homeostasis, and behavior. Estrogen mediates its cellular actions through two signaling pathways classified as "nuclear-initiated steroid signaling" and "membrane-initiated steroid signaling". In the "nuclear" pathway, estrogen binds either ERalpha or ERbeta, which in turn translocates to the nucleus,

[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS]

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binds DNA at ERE elements and activates the expression of ERE-dependent genes. In "membrane" pathway, Estrogen can exert its actions through a subpopulation of ER at the plasma membrane (mER) or novel G-protein coupled E2 receptors (GPER). Upon activation of these receptors various signaling pathways (i.e. Ca2+, cAMP, protein kinase cascades) are rapidly activated and ultimately influence downstream transcription factors. (Kegg, n.d)

map04915 Estrogen signaling pathway

Try to identify your chosen molecule on the map and make a note of the number and names of other molecules it directly interacts with in this pathway. If you are unable to identify your molecule of choice see if you can find its receptor, which you identified earlier in this assignment.

The receptor on the pathway

[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] • protein coupled E2 receptors -GPER. • Estrogen receptor alpha -ERα • Estrogen receptor beta-ERβ • EBAG9-estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 protein

Click on the shape that contains your molecule of interest (or its receptor) (this will redirect you to a page that lists the signalling pathways in which that molecule is involved and any diseases associated with it)

GABAergic synapse-04727 • Ovarian steroidogenesis-04913 • MAPK signaling pathway-04010 • Calcium signaling pathway-04020 • PI3K-Akt signaling pathway-04151 • Vascular smooth muscle contraction-04270

Take a note of the names of at least three other pathways indicated on this page and comment on whether your molecule is linked with any diseases. Breast cancer • Atherosclerosis • Gastric cancer

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[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] Review Endocrine Disruptors and provide a brief overview of the mechanism of action of endocrine disruptors. Comment on some of the effects of known endocrine disruptors and suggest some steps that can be taken to reduce the dangerous health effects posed by chemicals of this nature

The effects of unmonitored disposal of materials such as plastic, oil, gas etc. does contribute to climate changes and have a potential to cause diseases amongst people of which they can be exposed to contracting conditions like cancer, another thing that could work in regards of benefiting the fertility of animals (humans included) would be a reduction of plastic production and make metal straws to become a norm in society.

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[SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] References Stephen Kemp, M. (2020, October 16). Endocrine System: Illustrations of Anatomy, Function, Glands $ Organs. Retrieved December 17, 2020, from https://www.emedicinehealth.com/anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system/article_em.htm

Kegg. (n.d.). Estrogen signaling pathway. Retrieved December 16, 2020, from https://www.kegg.jp/keggbin/highlight_pathway?scale=1.0&map=map04915&keyword=estrogen

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