Written Assignment Unit 5 PDF

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Written Assignment Unit 5: Cell Communication and Reproduction University of the People BIO 1121 Biology 1 for Health Studies Major Prof. Emma Awuku-Sowah, Instructor October 8, 2020

All living cells have different forms of communication between them. Cells communicate in a way called chemical signals which are called signaling. There are four categories of chemical signaling found in a multicellular organism but in this assignment, I will look at paracrine signaling.

The process of Paracrine signaling. According to Openstax college (2013), paracrine signaling is between local cells that are close together. Thus, numerous cell simultaneously receives and respond to molecules of growth factor produced by a signal cell in their vicinity. This process involves diffusion through the extracellular matrix( Openstax college, 2013). Thus the process of paracrine signaling is a cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in a nearby cell, altering the behavior of those cells.

Pick a representative signal from the pathway you have chosen and indicate its function and the type of cell in which it is made and the specific manner in which it acts as a signaling The molecule, including the receptor that it binds to Signaling molecules is known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance. Thus, when proteins synthesized by one cell can diffuse over small distance to cause changes in neighboring cells, the event is called paracrine interaction, and the diffusible protein the molecule is called paracrine factors or growth and differentiation factor (GDF). Numerous cells spontaneously react to the molecules of growth factor produced by a single cell in their locality. The hormone epinephrine binds to a specific receptor on the plasma

membrane of the liver cell.

The function of signaling molecules and their receptors They are produced by signaling cells and the subsequent binding of receptor in target cells, ligands act as chemical signals that travel to the target cells to coordinate responses. The type of molecules that serve as ligands are varied and range from small proteins to small ions like calcium ( Ca2+ ). An example of paracrine signaling is the transfer of signals across synapses between nerve cells (Opens tax college,2013). Hence, a nerve cell consists of a cell body, several short branched extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli, and a long extension called an axon, which transmits signals to nerve cells or muscle cells.

The function of these signaling molecules is for transmitting information between cells in the bind. The size and shape of these molecules can vary to carry signals over a short the distance while others transmit information over a very long distance. A molecule released by one cell acts on neighboring large cells. For instance, it is provided by the action called neurotransmitters in carrying signals between nerve cells at a synapse (Openstax college,2013). The neurotransmitter binds the receptor on the surface to the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the target cell changes, and the next electrical impulse is launched.

Diseases linked to the molecules. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin

the resistance of peripheral tissues (skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue) and insufficient compensatory insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Both insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction are thought to result from the complex interplay of many different pathways under the combined control of environmental and genetic factors. It is accepted that T2DM results from population aging and adverse environmental factors of the modern world which favor the development of obesity (https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ds:H00409).

Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. FBS is caused by mutations in the SLC2A2 (GLUT2) gene, which encodes the glucose transporter. The typical clinical signs are hepatomegaly secondary to glycogen accumulation, glucose and galactose intolerance, fasting hypoglycemia, characteristic tubular nephropathy, rickets, and markedly stunted growth (https://www.genome.jp/dbgetbin/www_bget?ds:H01947).

Endocrine Disruptor Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents (Krimsky, 2001) endocrine-disrupting chemicals or endocrine-disrupting compounds are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems.

Effects These disruptions have so many effects some cause cancerous tumors, birth defects, and other developmental disorders. Endocrine disruptors target the aspects of hormone effects that make one hormone regulate the production and/or degradation of the body's hormones. These

regulation effects are intertwined so that a hormone that is level affected by another hormone in turn affects the levels of multiple other hormones produced by the body itself, leaving no endogenous hormones or traits affected by them unaffected by endocrine disruptors (Zeliger, 2011). These effects may lead to lost productivity, disability, or premature death in some people.

By following some of those steps it will help reduce some of the danger 1. Wash your hands. 2. Dust and vacuum often 3. Turn up your nose at fragrances 4. Think twice about plastics 5. Say “no can do” to cans 6. Watch what you eat 7. Filter your tap water 8. Rethink kids' cosmetics

World count: 791

References Krimsky S (December 2001). "An epistemological inquiry into the endocrine disruptor thesis". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 948 (1): 130–42. Bibcode:2001NYASA.948..130K. doi:10.1111/j.17496632.2001.tb03994.x. PMID 11795392. S2CID 41532171 Zeliger H (2011). Human Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures (2nd ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 978-14377-3463-8 https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?pathway:map04144 OpenStaxCollege,Biology.OpenStaxCollege.30May2013 https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ds:H00409 https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?ds:H01947...