Vitamin D deficiency and its association with iron deficiency in African children PDF

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nutrients Article Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children Reagan M. Mogire 1,2, * , John Muthii Muriuki 1 , Alireza Morovat 3 , Alexander J. Mentzer 4,5 , Emily L. Webb 6 , Wandia Kimita 1 , Francis M. Ndungu 1 , Alex W. Macharia 1 , Clare L. Cutland 7 , Sod...

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nutrients Article

Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children Reagan M. Mogire 1,2, * , John Muthii Muriuki 1 , Alireza Morovat 3 , Alexander J. Mentzer 4,5 , Emily L. Webb 6 , Wandia Kimita 1 , Francis M. Ndungu 1 , Alex W. Macharia 1 , Clare L. Cutland 7 , Sodiomon B. Sirima 8 , Amidou Diarra 8 , Alfred B. Tiono 8 , Swaib A. Lule 6,9 , Shabir A. Madhi 10 , Andrew M. Prentice 11 , Philip Bejon 1,12 , John M. Pettifor 13 , Alison M. Elliott 9,14 , Adebowale Adeyemo 15 , Thomas N. Williams 1,12,16 and Sarah H. Atkinson 1,12,17, * 1

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 Citation: Mogire, R.M.; Muriuki, J.M.; Morovat, A.; Mentzer, A.J.; Webb,

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E.L.; Kimita, W.; Ndungu, F.M.; Macharia, A.W.; Cutland, C.L.;

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Sirima, S.B.; et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with

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Iron Deficiency in African Children. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1372. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu14071372

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Academic Editor: Bruce W. Hollis

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Received: 9 February 2022

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Accepted: 15 March 2022 Published: 25 March 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral

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with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil-

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iations. 17

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Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya; [email protected] (J.M.M.); [email protected] (W.K.); [email protected] (F.M.N.); [email protected] (A.W.M.); [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (T.N.W.) KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Accredited Research Centre, Open University, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; [email protected] Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; [email protected] Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; [email protected] (E.L.W.); [email protected] (S.A.L.) African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (Alive), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; [email protected] Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso; [email protected] (S.B.S.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (A.B.T.) Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda; [email protected] South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; [email protected] MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia; [email protected] Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, R68 Old Potchefstroom Road, Bertsham, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa; [email protected] Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK Centre for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20891-5635, USA; [email protected] Institute of Global Health Innovation, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London SW7 2NA, UK Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Correspondence: [email protected] (R.M.M.); [email protected] (S.H.A.); Tel.: +254-709-983274 (R.M.M.); +254-709-983000 (S.H.A.)

Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Abstract: Vitamin D regulates the master iron hormone hepcidin, and iron in turn alters vitamin D metabolism. Although vitamin D and iron deficiency are highly prevalent globally, little is known about their interactions in Africa. To evaluate associations between vitamin D and iron status we measured markers of iron status, inflammation, malaria parasitemia, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in 4509 children aged 0.3 months to 8 years living in Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, The Gambia, and South Africa. Prevalence of iron deficiency was 35.1%, and prevalence

Nutrients 2022, 14, 1372. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071372

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients

Nutrients 2022, 14, 1372

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of vitamin D deficiency was 0.6% and 7.8% as defined by 25(OH)D concentrations of...