Exercise 8, 9, 10, 11 fds PDF

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Lab assignment Anatomy Exercise 8,9,10,11 Lab Nurs...

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Exercise 8 Review Sheet Classification of Bones Cartilages of the Skeleton 1. Using the key choices, identify each type of cartilage described (in terms of its body location or function) below. Key: a. Elastic b. fibrocartilage c. hyaline c b c a c c c b a c

1. supports the external ear 2. between the vertebrae 3. forms the walls of the voice box (larynx) 4. the epiglottis 5. articular cartilages 6. meniscus in a knee joint 7. connects the ribs to the sternum 8. most effective at resisting compression 9. most springy and flexible 10. most abundant

Classification of Bones 2. The four major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular. Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume? Long bones have the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume. 3. Classify each of the bones in the chart below as either long, short, flat, or irregular by

placing a check mark in the appropriate column. Also use a check mark to indicate whether the bone is a part of the axial or the appendicular skeleton. Use Figure 8.1 as a guide.

Bone Markings 4. Match the terms in column B with the appropriate description in column A. Column A m o b p h k a e i f g l n c J d

Column B a. condyle 1. sharp, slender process* b. crest 2. small rounded projection* c. epicondyle 3. narrow ridge of bone* d. facet 4. large rounded projection* e. fissure 5. structure supported on neck† f. foramen 6. armlike projection† g. fossa 7. rounded, articular projection† h. head 8. narrow slitlike opening‡ i. meatus 9. canal-like structure j. process k. ramus 10. round or oval opening through a bon l. sinus 11. shallow depression m. spine 12. air-filled cavity n. trochanter 13. large, irregularly shaped projection* o. tubercle 14. raised area on or above a condyle* p. tuberosity

15. bony projection 16. smooth, nearly flat articular surface†

Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone 5. Match the key terms with the descriptions. Key: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. e a h c b f d

articular cartilage diaphysis endosteum epiphyseal line epiphysis medullary cavity periosteum red marrow 1. end portion of a long bone 2. helps reduce friction at joints 3. site of blood cell formation 4. two membranous sites of osteoprogenitor cells 5. scientific term for bone shaf 6. contains yellow marrow in adult bones 7. growth plate remnant

6. Use the key terms to identify the structures marked by leader lines in the diagrams. (Some terms are used more than once.) Key: a. articular cartilage b. compact bone c. diaphysis d. endosteum e. epiphyseal line f. epiphysis g. medullary cavity h. nutrient artery i. periosteum j. spongy bone k. yellow bone marro Articular Cartilage Articular Cartilage

Compact bone

Epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line

Compact bone Medullary Cavity Diaphysis

Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum

Nutrient artery

Chemical Composition of Bone 7. What is the function of the organic matrix in bone? It provides strength, resistance to stress and flexibility. 8. Name the important organic bone components. Collagen is the primary component of organic bone as well as carbohydrate, protein. 9. Calcium salts form the bulk of the inorganic material in bone. What is the function of the calcium salts? Calcium salts give the bone rigidity and strength. The bones serve as a mineral deposit for the body as well.

10. Baking removes N/A

from bone. Soaking bone in acid removes

N/A

Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone 11. Several descriptions of bone structure are given below. Identify the structure involved by choosing the appropriate term from the key and placing its letter in the blank. Then, on the photomicrograph of bone on the right (175×), identify all structures named in the key and draw a bracket enclosing a single osteon. Key: a. b. c. d. d c b a

canaliculi central canal lacuna lamella 1. layer of bony matrix around a central canal 2. site of osteocytes 3. longitudinal canal carrying blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves 4. tiny canals connecting osteocytes of an osteon

Central Canal

lacuna canaliculi lamella

Ossification: Bone Formation and Growth in Length 12. Compare and contrast events occurring on the epiphyseal and diaphyseal faces of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal face: Contains resting cartilage cells that are relatively inactive. Diaphyseal face: Cartilage is being replaced by bone.

13. Clinical/Critical Thinking The pain in the leg that is referred to as “shin splints” is ofen caused by microtears in the periosteum and perforating fibers. These tears lead to inflammation of the periosteum. Considering the type of tissue found in the periosteum, which cells do you think would be most involved in the repair process? Fibroblasts because the tissue found in the periosteum is mainly collagen. 14. Clinical/Critical Thinking In a child with rickets, the bones are not properly calcified. Which treated bone in Activity 2 most closely resembles the bones of a child with rickets? Why? N/A 15. Clinical/Critical Thinking Achondroplasia is a type of dwarfism in which the long bones stop growing during childhood, resulting in limbs that are disproportionately shorter than the torso. This genetic disorder is characterized by deficiencies in the epiphyseal plate that include a low number of chondrocytes and inability of chondrocytes to enlarge. Which zones do you think would be most affected by this disorder, and why? In the hypertrophic zone where chondrocytes enlarge and eventually die where they get replaced by bone.

Exercise 9 Review Sheet: The Axial Skeleton

Col umnA b o

Col umnB 1. forms the anterior cranium 2. cheekbone

h

3. bridge of nose

j

4. posterior bones of the hard palate k

5. much of the lateral and superior cranium

l

6. single, irregular, bat-shaped bone forming part of the cranial base

e

7. tiny bones bearing tear ducts

g

8. anterior part of hard palate

a

9. superior and middle nasal conchae form from its

projections m i

10. site of mastoid process 11. has condyles that articulate with the atlas

c

12. small U-shaped bone in neck, where many

tongue muscles attach m

13. organ of hearing found here

n

14. two bones that form the nasal septum

d

15. forms the most inferior turbinate

1.

eth

2.

fro

3.

hyo

4.

infe

5.

lac

6.

ma

7.

ma

8.

nas

9.

occ

10.

pal

11.

par

12.

sph

13.

tem

14.

vom

15.

zyg

Using choices from the numbered key to the right, identify all bones and bone markings provided with various leader lines in the two following photographs. A colored dot at the end of a leader line indicates a bone. Leader lines without a colored dot indicate bone markings. Note that vomer, sphenoid bone, and zygomatic bone will each be labeled twice. 8

27

9

32

22

31

28

3 15

12

35

13 34

11

1

20

21

16

18

9.1-7 Full Alternative Text 10 26 35 25 28

34

7

36 33

17 2 14

5 29 19

30 23

24 6

4

9.1-7 Full Alternative Text

1. alvelolar processes 2. carotid canal 3. ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) 4. external occipital protuberance 5. foramen lacerum 6. foramen magnum 7. foramen ovale 8. frontal bone 9. glabella 10.incisive fossa 11.inferior nasal concha 12.inferior orbital fissure 13.infraorbital foramen 14.jugular foramen 15.lacrimal bone 16.mandible 17.mandibular fossa 18.mandibular symphysis 19.mastoid process 20.maxilla 21.mental foramen 22.nasal bone 23.occipital bone 24.occipital condyle 25.palatine bone 26.palatine process of maxilla 27.parietal bone 28.sphenoid bone 29.styloid process 30.stylomastoid foramen 31.superior orbital fissure 32.supraorbital foramen 33.temporal bone

1. Define suture. Interlocking fibrous joints joining bones together. 2. With one exception, the skull bones are joined by sutures. Name the exception. The mandible is attached to the rest of the skull by a freely movable joint. 3. What bones are connected by the lambdoid suture? Occipital bone and Parietal bone. What bones are connected by the squamous suture? Temporal and Parietal bone. 4. Name the eight bones of the cranium. (Remember to include left and right.) Frontal bone, left and right parietal bone, left and right temporal bone, Occipital bone, Spenoid bone, and Ethmoid bone. 5. List the bones that have sinuses, and give two possible functions of the sinuses. The frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones have sinuses. They lighten the skull and act as a resonance chamber

6. What is the bony orbit? The orbits are the sockets that the eyes are found in. What bones contribute to the formation of the orbit? Sphenoid, frontal, zygomatic, ethmoid, Lacrimal, maxillary, palatine.

7. Why can the sphenoid bone be called the keystone bone of the cranium? It articulates with all other cranial bones.

The Vertebral Column 10. The distinguishing characteristics of the vertebrae composing the vertebral column are noted below. Correctly identify each described structure by choosing a response from the key. Key: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

atlas axis cervical vertebra—typical coccyx lumbar vertebra sacrum thoracic vertebra c 1. vertebra type containing foramina in the transverse processes, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain b

2. dens here provides a pivot for rotation of the first cervical vertebra (C1)

g 3. transverse processes faceted for articulation with ribs; spinous process pointing sharply downward f

4. composite bone; articulates with the hip bone laterally

e

5. massive vertebra; weight-sustaining

d

6. “tail bone” fused vertebrae

a

7. supports the head; allows a rocking motion in conjunction with the occipital condyles

10. Using the key, correctly identify the vertebral parts/areas described below. (More than one choice may apply in some cases.) Also use the key letters to correctly identify the vertebral areas in the diagram. Key: a. b. c. d.

Body intervertebral foramina lamina pedicle

e. f. g. h. i.

spinous process superior articular facet transverse process vertebral arch vertebral foramen 1. cavity enclosing the spinal cord

a.

i

b.

a

c.

E,g

3. provide levers against which muscles pull

d.

A,g

4. provide an articulation point for the ribs

e.

b

5. openings providing for exit of spinal nerves

f.

A,h

6. structures that form an enclosure for the spinal cord

g.

C,d

7. structures that form the vertebral arch

2. weight-bearing portion of the vertebra

9.1-7 Full Alternative Text 11. Describe how a spinal nerve exits from the vertebral column. They exit through the intervertebral foramina 12. Name two factors/structures that permit flexibility of the vertebral column. Intervertebral discs

and

curvatures

13. What kind of tissue makes up the intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage

14. What is a herniated disc? It’s a disc that has ruptured. What problems might it cause?

It may cause a person pain and pinching of a nerve.

15. Which two spinal curvatures are obvious at birth?

thoracic

and sacral

Under what conditions do the secondary curvatures develop? When babies begin to hold their head up they start to develop the cervical curvature. When they begin to walk the will develop the lumbar curvature. 16. Use the key to label the structures on the thoracic region of the vertebral column. Key: a. intervertebral discs b. intervertebral foramina c. spinous prosesses d. thoracic vertebrae e. transverse processes

The Thoracic Cage 18. The major bony components of the thorax (excluding the vertebral column) are the and the

ribs

sternum

19. Differentiate between a true rib and a false rib. True ribs attach directly to the sternum by their “own” costal cartilages. False ribs attach indirectly to the sternum or entirely lack sternal attachment. Is a floating rib a true or a false rib? Because floating ribs have no sternal attachments they are false ribs . 20. What is the general shape of the thoracic cage? It is cone shaped and cagelike.

21. Using the terms in the key, identify the regions and landmarks of the thoracic cage. Key

The Fetal Skull 22. Are the same skull bones seen in the adult also found in the fetal skull? 23. How does the size of the fetal face compare to its cranium? is very small How does this compare to the adult skull? proportional

Yes

The cranium is large and the face

In adults the cranium and the facial bones are more

24. What are the outward conical projections on some of the fetal cranial bones? (growth ) centers 25. What is a fontanelle? not fully closed. What is its fate?

Ossification

A fibrous membrane that covers the area where the skull bones have

They will ossify when an infant gets older.

What is the function of the fontanelles in the fetal skull? They allow the cranium to go through the birth canal more easily and they allow for brain growth in the fetus and infant. 26. Clinical/Critical Thinking Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more of the fontanelles is replaced by bone prematurely. Discuss the ramifications of this early closure. There wouldn’t be enough room for the brain to grow causing various neurological problems.

27. Clinical/Critical Thinking As we age, we ofen become shorter. Explain why this might occur. Through the years the discs of our spine become more compressed and shorten as a result. Also our bones become more brittle which may lead to a hunched back appearance. 28. Clinical/Critical Thinking The xiphoid process is ofen missing from the sternum in bone collections. Hypothesize why it might be missing. It is small and may become detached.

Exercise 10 Review Sheet: The Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 1. Fill in the blank to complete the statements below: a. The bones that form the pectoral girdle are the scapula . b. The upper limb is formed by the arm bone, the of the forearm, the radius and

anterior clavicle humerus ulna

and , and the two bones

.

c. The carpals are the wrist bones. List the proximal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform List the distal row of wrist bones from lateral to medial: hamate

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,

Column B a. acromion b. capitulum d. The metacarpals the knuckles.

form the palm of the hand, and the

e. A single finger bone is called a phalanges .

c. coracoid process d. coronoid fossa

phalanx

. Each hand has 14

2. Match the bone markings in column B with the descriptions in colum 1. Using items from the list at the right, identify the anatomical landma scapula. Column A f 1. depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus k 2. surface on the radius that receives the head of the ulna b 3. lateral rounded knob on the distal humerus h 4. posterior depression on the distal humerus e 5. a roughened area on the lateral humerus: deltoid attachment site c 6. hooklike process; biceps brachii attachment site i 7. surface on the ulna that receives the head of the radius g 8. medial condyle of the humerus that articulates with the ulna a 9. lateral end of the spine of the scapula; clavicle articulation site j 10. small bump on the humerus, ofen called the “funny bone” d 11. anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when bending at the elbow

e. deltoid tuberosity f.

glenoid cavity

g. medial epicondyle h. olecranon fossa i.

radial notch

k. supraspinous fossa

3. Match the terms in the key with the appropriate leader lines on the photographs of the posterior view of the radius on the lef and the lateral view of the ulna on the right.

6. Match the terms in the key with the appropriate leader lines on the photograph of the anterior view of the hand.

7. Name the two bone markings that form the proximal radioulnar joint. Ulnar radial notch, annular ligament 8. Name the two bone markings that form the distal radioulnar joint. Ulnar notch and radius Bones of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 9. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles by choosing appropriate descriptive terms from the key. Key: a. b. c. d. e. f. Pectoral: a

flexibility most important massive lightweight insecure axial and limb attachments secure axial and limb attachments weight-bearing most important , c , d Pelvic: b ,

e

,

f

10. Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis. The true pelvis holds the pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, and some reproductive organs. The false pelvis supports intestines and distributes weight....