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Experiment 2Reaction Kinetics: The EssentialsSECTION: A74 GROUP NUMBER: 7NAME OF MEMBERS SIGNATUREBay, Jeanne Ashley E.Cancio, Julia C.Convento, Axel Isidy R.Hilario, Cris Jerome F.BSCE – 1 st Year20 MARCH 2022LABORATORY REPORTIntroductionMethodologyThe aim of the experiment is to produce as much ox...

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LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment 2 Reaction Kinetics: The Essentials

SECTION:

A74

GROUP NUMBER:

NAME OF MEMBERS

SIGNATURE

Bay, Jeanne Ashley E.

Cancio, Julia C.

Convento, Axel Isidy R.

Hilario, Cris Jerome F.

BSCE – 1st Year

20 MARCH 2022

7

Introduction

Reaction kinetics or known as Chemical kinetics deals with how chemical reaction rates can be fully understood (Bokhari et. al, 2020). Moreover, it measures how the reactions occur rapidly. The rate of a reaction is the rate at which the concentration of the reactant decreases with respect to time due to the chemical reaction (Donaldson, 2003). It is also defined as the rate at which the concentration of the product increases. Chemical reactions in the atmosphere naturally involves free radicals, or highly reactive uncharged molecules with unpaired valence electron, as the reactant and/or product. In addition, the use of reaction kinetics is very important due to its use in analyzing the reaction mechanism of chemical processes that can help researchers identify the most effective way for a reaction to happen. Furthermore, in the experiment, Dr. One calls for help to analyze the reaction rate of the chemical hydrogen peroxide in order to have enough fuel for the SquaDrone to transport lab-to-lab, crossing the lake. Methodology The aim of the experiment is to produce as much oxygen as needed to fuel the SquaDrone travelling from one side of the lake to the other. Prior to the experiment, laboratory safety protocols were called for. Dr. One, the guide for the experiment, required the student to wear lab coats and goggles.

Figure 1. Failed SquaDrone trial

Figure 2. Analyzing the SquaDrone

Firstly, the researchers were asked to examine the SquaDrone on the holo-table. Here, oxygen and water were identified as the products of the hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction. The balanced equation for this reaction was given as 2𝐻2 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2 .

Figure 3. Exploring the experimental setup

Next was to identify the instruments and components for the experimental setup which was placed on the workbench table. Bottles of catalyst in solid and liquid form is seen next to the reaction mixture. The input screen is found next to the output screen and controls the parameters set.

Figure 4. Reaction Rate Graph of Controlled Set-up Time (s) [H2O2] mM [O2] mM 2 0.925 0.037 30 0.312 0.344 Table 1. Concentration of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen over time For the fourth step, the experiment calls to run the reaction rate of the failed trial. This is the control setup. The average reaction rate is found on the lower right of the output screen. The experimental data was also extracted and given in table 1.

Figure 5. Reaction Rate Graph of Manipulated Temperature and Concentration Set-Up Following this was the identification of the reaction rate when temperature and concentration is increased. The image above is the result of increasing temperature, increasing the concentration of the reactant will yield a similar result as figure 2.

Figure 6. Finding the heterogeneous catalyst To further investigate the parameters that affect reaction rate, the members were tasked to identify the heterogeneous catalyst within the experimental setup. A heterogeneous catalyst has a different physical state compared to the reaction mixture as catalyst B is in solid phase.

Figure 7. Reaction Rate Graph of Catalyst Set-Up

Next is to experiment with the catalyst parameters and how it affects the reaction rate along with the temperature and the concentration.

Figure 8. Checking up on the SquaDrone After achieving the most optimal parameters, the researchers go back to the holo-table to check on the SquaDrone. The drone produces enough thrust but becomes very hot because the decomposition of hydrogen pentoxide is exothermic.

Figure 9. Potential Energy Diagram Dr. One then asked the researchers to interact with the potential energy diagram hung up on the wall. This diagram describes the potential energy of a reaction.

Figure 10. Experimenting with Energy Levels

Going back to the workbench, the researchers manipulated the energy levels using the input screen. Higher potential energy causes a decrease in activation energy

Figure 11. Experimenting with Catalyst amount In comparison, the presence and amount of a catalyst will decrease the activation energy of a reaction. Lower activation has faster reactions based on the Arrhenius formula. Moreover, energy is released throughout the decomposition process.

Figure 12. Final trial Finally, the researchers go back to the acid lake to deploy the SquaDrone. The trial was successful using the new parameters for the reaction.

Results and Discussion

The simulation starts with a failed test-run of the SquaDrone, wherein when it was launched to cross the lake, it fell midway and submerged into the water. So, there is a need to optimize the reaction to produce enough fuel that will provide enough thrust to the SquaDrone to travel from the initial position the laboratory on the other side of the lake. Table 1 shows the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and water from 2 seconds in the reaction to 30 seconds. From the equation 𝐻2 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2 as the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, we have the balanced equation as follows: 2𝐻2 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑂2

Therefore, for every 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide there is 1 mole of Oxygen gas. Consequently, the rate of production of oxygen will be half of the rate of consumption of hydrogen peroxide. Using the formula for rate of reaction, the average reaction rate can be solved by getting the difference between the final and initial concentration of the reactant and dividing it to the change in time. 𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑) =

−∆[𝑋] −(𝑋2 − 𝑋1 ) −(0.312 𝑚𝑀 − 0.925 𝑚𝑀) = 0.0219 𝑚𝑀/𝑠 = = 30 𝑠 − 2 𝑠 ∆𝑡 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )

When the concentration and temperature of the reaction were increased, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen obtained greater reaction rate compared to the controlled set-up. The data for this result can be seen on Figure 5. Moreover, with 1mM 𝐻2 𝑂2 at 25°C, the average reaction rate of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is at 0.0219 mM/s. This implies that the reaction produces oxygen at half the rate of the consumption of hydrogen peroxide. Nonetheless, as the temperature of the reaction was reduced, the kinetic energy of the molecules decreased that resulted to a slower reaction rate. Thus, the activation energy was given emphasis to achieve the minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction. With this, a heterogenous catalyst in solid phase was added to the experimental setup. In figure 7, seen in the image on the left, the presence of a catalyst drastically speeds up the consumption of the reactant and the production of the product. The rate of reaction is seen on the lower right of the output screen at 0.0554 mM/s. When both temperature and concentration increase as well, the reaction rate becomes 0.0769 mM/s. Moreover, the heat generation evolves along the progression of the exothermic reaction as the energy was released as heat; hence, it is important to utilize lower activation energy. The reaction rate in this setup will be faster. So, after achieving the optimum formula, the SquaDrone was able to achieve enough thrust needed for it to travel across the lake. Conclusion In conducting the experiment, the researchers used Labster, a virtual lab simulation platform. In this simulation, the parameters that influence the rate of a chemical reaction and how to apply that information to enhance the performance of the drone transporter's propulsion system have been learned. Chemical equations and rate equations for chemical reactions are used in the simulation to determine the issues and their impact. Moreover, it allows the researchers to alter the reaction's parameters to determine how it affects the reaction's rate, as well as the concentration, temperature, energy, and catalyst levels of the reactants. The researchers’ mission was to launch the SquaDrone across the lake. However, it failed on the first attempt. It has been dealt with the primary factors that determine the rate of the chemical reaction and the underlying principles of how it works to fix the SquaDrone.

The problem was fixed by changing the concentration and temperature parameters and adding a catalyst that will increase the reaction rate of the decomposition process. We learned the reactions occur while the energy is released when the reactant’s potential energy exceeds the

product’s potential energy. The researchers were able to successfully launch the SquaDrone as a result of all the experiments. REFERENCES: Bokhari, A., Yusup, S., Asif, S., Chuah L. F. & Michelle, L. (2020). Process intensification for the production of canola-based methyl ester via ultrasonic batch reactor: optimization and kinetic study. Bioreactors. pp.27-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-8212646.00003-6 Donaldson, D.J. (2003). Laboratory Kinetics. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences. pp.10901097. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-227090-8/00475-9 DOCUMENTATION: GROUP MEMBERS’ SCORES ON LABSTER SIMULATION

Bay, Jeanne Ashley E. – 120/120

Cancio, Julia C. – 120/120

Convento, Axel Isidy R. – 120/120

Hilario, Cris Jerome F. – 110/120...