Phasmid Nematodes - Discussed by: Sir Mikhail Valdescona, RMT PDF

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Summary

PHASMID NEMATODES (SECERNENTIA) COMMON NAME Ascaris lumbricoides Giant Intestinal Roundworm Human Hookworms 1. Necator Americanus: American hookworm/ American Murderer/ New world hookworm 2. Ancylostoma duodenale: Old world hookworm 3. Ancylostoma ceylanicum Animal Hookworms 4. Ancylostoma brazilien...

Description

PHASMID NEMATODES (SECERNENTIA) COMMON NAME

Ascaris lumbricoides

Giant Intestinal Roundworm

Human Hookworms 1. Necator Americanus: American hookworm/ American Murderer/ New world hookworm 2. Ancylostoma duodenale: Old world hookworm 3. Ancylostoma ceylanicum Animal Hookworms 4. Ancylostoma braziliense: Cat hookworm 5. Ancylostoma caninum: Dog hookworm

Strongyloides stercoralis

Enterobius vermicularis

Threadworm

Pin worm Seat Worm

INFECTIVE STAGE

Embryonated ova

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES  Unfertilized egg (2 layers) Albuminoid layer Chorionic layer (true shell)  Fertilized egg (3 layers) Protein coat (Albuminous) Chorionic layer (true shell) Vitelline layer  Embryonated  Decorticated

Rhabditiform larva (feeding) Filariform larva (infective)

Ova: ovoidal, colorless/ hyaline and thin shelled; 56-60 u x 34-40 u Adult: small, cylindrical, fusiform, grayish white Female: 9-13 x 0.35-0.6mm Male: 5-11 x 0.3-045mm

Rhabditiform larva (feeding) Filariform larva (infective)

Ova: ovoidal, thin shelled & transparent; resembles “Chinese lantern”; fully developed embryo Adult: well developed buccal capsule (no teeth nor cutting plates; bears chitinous, leaflike processes

Embryonated ova

Ova: doubled-lined chorionic shell, transparent & colorless; elongated & ovoidal; “D-shaped” one side flatted Adult: small, spindleshaped, Cephalic alae/ lateral wings; have oral end and 3 lips, hour glass-shaped esophagus

DEFINITIVE HOST

Man

HABITAT

Lumen of Small Intestines

DISEASES

Ascariasis Dooryard Backyard infection

Necator americanus: Necatoriasis Uncinariasis Ancylostoma spp: Ancylostomiasis Ground itch/ Coolie itch/ Dew itch Creeping eruption/ Cutaneous larva migrans Pumonary lessions: Wakana Disease

Man

Man (DH) Dogs and cats (RH)

SHEATHED FILARIAL WORMS

Upper Small Intestines (duodenum)

Cecum and Appendix

Cochin China Diarrhea Strongyloidiasis Strongyloidosis

Enterobiasis Oxyuriasis

TREATMENT

Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate Albendazole Neuromuscular Effect

Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate Oxantel Ferrous sulfate (iron therapy)

Thiabendazole Albendazole

LAB DIAGNOSIS

 DFS  KTS  Concentration techniques  ELISA

 Ground itch and Creeping eruption  Recovery of eggs (DFS, KTS, Brine Flotation & FECT)  Harada-Mori Culture Technique

 DFS; Stool Culture (Harada-Mori filter paper tech)  Enterotest  Baermann; ELISA

 Graham Scotch Tape technique/ Cellulose Acetate technique  NIH Swab Technique  Schuffner and Swelling Rebel Method

Parasite

Common Name

Intermediate Host/ Vector

Definitive Host

Infective Stage

Diagnostic Stage

Main Habitat

Disease

Lymph vessels and lymph glands (lower)

Bancroftian filariasis Elephantiasis (lower) Lymphatics of scrotum Wucheriasis

Type of microfilariae & Periodicity

Endemicity

Appearance (Body curves)

Sheathed Nocturnal

Tropical and Subtropical areas (e.g. Phil)

Regularly smoothly curved; Graceful sweeping

Wuchereria bancrofti

Bancroft’s filarial worm

Culex pipiens quinquefasciactus

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Brugia malayi

Malayan filarial worm

Mansonia spp. Anopheles spp

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Lymph vessels and lymph glands (upper)

Malayan filariasis Elephantiasis (upper)

Sheathed Nocturnal

Eastern Asia, Southwestern pacific islands, Parts of India

Irregularly and twisted; Stiff with secondary kinks

Loa loa

Eye worm Loa worm

Chrysops spp (Deer fly/ Mango fly)

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Subcutaneous and muscular tissues

Loasis Fugitive swellings Calabar swellings

Sheathed Diurnal

Africa

Irregularly and twisted; Same as B. malayi

UNSHEATHED FILARIAL WORMS Parasite

Onchocerca volvulus

Common Name

Blinding worm Convoluted filaria

Mansonella perstans

Intermediate Host/ Vector

Definitive Host

Infective Stage

Main Habitat

Disease

Type of microfilariae & Periodicity

Endemicity

Appearance (Body curves)

Simulium damnosum (Black flies; buffalo fly)

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Subcutaneous tissues (nodules)

Onchocerciasis Onchocercosis River blindness

Unsheathed Non-periodic

East Africa, Parts of Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, North Yemen

Regularly slightly twisted

Culicoides spp.

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Inside body cavities

Dipetalonemiasis

Unsheathed Non-periodic

Tropical Africa, South America

Regular often forms loops

Culicoides spp.

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Dermis; body cavities

Streptocerciasis

Unsheathed Non-periodic

Tropical Africa

Tail usually curved

Synonym: Dipetalonema; Acanthocheilone ma Mansonella streptocerca

Diagnostic Stage

Mansonella ozzardi

Ozzard’s

Culicoides spp.

Man

Filariform larvae

Microfilaria (blood) Adult larva (lymphatics)

Inside body cavities, mesentery and visceral fat

Ozzard’s filariasis Mansonelliasis ozzardi

Unsheathed Non-periodic

North, Central and South America

Regularly slightly twisted

PHASMID NEMATODES (SECERNENTIA) COMMON NAME Toxocara species  Toxocara canis  Toxocara cat

Dog Ascarid Cat Ascarid

Anisakis species

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

INFECTIVE STAGE

Embryonated ova

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Adult Female: 10-12cm L

L3 larva

Dogs Cats

HABITAT

Visceral organs

Sea/fish mammals

L3 larva

Rat/Rodent Lungworm

DEFINITIVE HOST

Ova: elongated, ovoidal with delicate hyaline shell; 46-48 x 68-74 microns Adult worms: filiform with 17-25 mm L Female: “barbers pole” pattern Male: well developed caudal bursa which is kidney shaped and single lobed

Rats

Lungs

DISEASES

TREATMENT

LAB DIAGNOSIS

Visceral larva migrans Toxocariasis

 ELISA

Anisakiasis Herring disease

 Gastroscopic or surgical removal of the worm

Human Angiostrongylosis (Eosinophilic Meningocephalitis)

Mebendazole

 Brain dyscrasia  Autopsy  Patient history

Dracunculus medinensis

Medina worm; Guinea worm; Dragon worm; Serpent worm; Fiery serpent of Israelites

L3 larva

Female: 50-120cm long x 0.7-1.7mm in diameter Male: 12-29 x 0.4mm

Cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue

Dracontiasis Dracunculiasis Dracunculosis

Mebendazole Nirizadole Thiabendazole

 Visual observation of painful blister  Xray  Surgical removal of the worm  May be released in cold water...