Phonetics - Resumen Pronunciación de la Lengua Inglesa PDF

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1 INTRODUCTION Phonetics: phisiological approach Phonology: mental (linguistic) perspective Decides which sounds are relevant and which are not Phonemes Allophones Trigger difference in meaning Minimal pair Para Pata Phonemes and Complementary distribution (Different contexts) Clear before vowels an...

Description

1"INTRODUCTION" " Phonetics:"phisiological"approach" " Phonology:"mental"(linguistic)"perspective" " • Decides which sounds are " relevant and which are not " " " " Phonemes" " " "

•

•

The way the sounds are produced and perceived by the speaker Position and organs of speech involved in the production and perception of sounds

Allophones"

Trigger"difference"in" " meaning" "" " "

Do"not"trigger"difference"in"meaning" " (Phonetically"similar)"

" Minimal"pair" " Para" " " Pata" " " Phonemes"[r]"and"[t]" "

[siti]" [siri]"

Allophones" " Complementary"distribution"

"

" Free"variation"

(Different"contexts)" Clear"[l]"before"vowels"and"[j]" Dark"[l]"before"consonants"or"" pause"

" "

" " "

"

(Same"context)" [t]"[?]" [put]"/"[pu?]"

" " Articulatory"phonetics"

Acoustics"

"

Auditory"phonetics"

Speaker" " "

" " "

The"way"the" sound"is" transmitted"

"

Listener"

Production"of"the"" speech"signal"

" "

Transmission"of"the" speech"signal"

" "

Perception"of"the" speech"signal"

" " Organs"of"speech" " Oral"cavity" " (velic"closure)" " Active"articulators" Lips,"tongue,"soft"palate"

Nasal"Cavity" (velic"open)"

Passive"articulators" "

Teeth,"alveolar"ridge,"hard"palate"

" " Vocal"folds"(modify"the"air"coming"from"the"lungs)" Open"(voiceless"sound)" Close" Nearly"together"(voice"sound)"

1

Vibration"of"the"vocal"folds" " " " High"

Pitch"

Quick"vibration" "

"

Loudness" "

"

Low"

Louder"

" "

Slow"vibration" " "

Higher"amplitude" of"the"vibration"amplitude"

Softer" Lower""

"

" " " "

" " " "

" "

" "

" "

Production"of"sounds" " Articulatory"stage"

" " Phonation"stage"

Position"of"the"articulators"

Position"of"the"vocal"folds" How"the"air"is"altered"so"as" to"produce"sound"

Initiation"stage" Air"flow" "

Initiation"stage" " " " " "

"

"

Egressive" Origin"and"Direction"

"

Pulmonic" "

"

Ingressive"

Glottalic"

Velaric"

"

Ejectives"

Implosives"

Clics"(non"linguistic"pursoses)"

"

[p],"[t],"[k]"

[b],"[d],"[g]"

"

" Phonation"stage""

"

Modal"voice"

Whisper"

Types" " Creaky"voice"

Breathy"voice"

" Vocal"folds" Vocal"folds" Vocal"folds" Vocal"folds" " Nearly"together" Open" Part"together" Apart"at"one"end"and"" " " " Part"slightly"open" nearly"close"at"the"" " " " " Other"end" " Most"sounds"are"produced"by"vibration"of"the"vocal"folds"but"some"are"produced"with"burst"and"friction"[p],"[s]"

" Articulation" " • • •

Sound"produced"at"the"vocal"folds"is"now"filtered"through"the"vocal"cavity." Different"articulators." 2"articulators"approximate"adopting"different"positions"and"producing"different"degrees"of"constriction." "

" Place"of"articulation"

" Manner"of"articulation"

Where"in"the"mouth"the"articulators" Approximate" "

How"strong"the"constriction"is"

2

Segmental"and"Suprasegmental"level"(Syllable)" " Vowels"and" consonants"

" " " "

Stress" Stress"

Length"

Unstressed"

Short"

Intensity" "

Long"

Loud"

Weak"

Intonation" Accented" Unaccented"

" "

2"VOWELS" Vowels"are"produced" " With"no"obstruction"of"the"airflow" with"vocal"fold"vibration" " Parameters"to"describe"vowels" " Tongue"position" " Front" " Back" " Central" " " "

Tongue"height" Close" Half-close" Half-open" Open"

Lip"posture" Rounded" Unrounded"

Duration" Short" Long"

" Types"of"vowels" "

Monophthongs

" "

" 3

" Smoothing" " sometimes"the"middle"vowel"of"English"triphthongs"("[i]"or"[u])"is"not"fully"targeted"(is"not"entirely"produced)." When"this"happens,"the"perceptual"impression"is"that"the"second"vowel"of"the"triphthong"is"dropped"and"the"first" one"is"lengthened"so"as"to"compensate"for"the"loss"of"the"middle"sound." " "

Weak"and"strong"vowels" " English"has"two"kinds"of"vowels:"strong'vowels"and" weak'vowels."Strong"vowels"mainly"occur"in"stressed"syllables" although"they"can"also"occur"in"unstressed"syllables."Strong"vowels are all the monophthongs (except for ?( all the diphthongs and all the triphthongs.

" " Vowels"[i],"[u]"" " [i]"mainly"occurs"in"unstressed"word-final"syllables,"as"in"happy."[u]"occurs"in"unstressed"syllables,"especially"after" [j],"as"in"curator."Schwa"[?\"is"the"most"frequently"used"vowel"in"English"words."" "

" " Nasalization" Nasalized"vowels"only"occur"next"to"nasal"consonants."mum" " " Voiceless"vowels"and"aspiration" vowels" are" always" produced" with" vocal" fold"vibration." It" is" possible,"though," to"utter" vowels" with" no" vocal" fold" vibration"(that"is,"voiceless"vowels)"when"we"whisper."The"phenomenon"of"aspiration"can"be"considered"as"a"partial" devoicing"of"vowels."After"the"release"of"consonants"[p],"[t]"and"[k]." " “Sea”"and"“Pea”" "

" " "

4

Pre-fortis"clipping"and"rhythmical"clipping"" Vowels" that" precede" a" voiceless" sound" (also" known" as" fortis)" are" shortened" or" clipped," as" opposed" to" vowels" preceding"voiced"sounds"(or"lenis)."This"phenomenon"is"known"as"pre-fortis'clipping'and"it"mainly"occurs"when"the" consonant"following"the"vowel"occurs"word-finally."For"example,"in"the"following"pair"of"words,"the"vowel"[o]"is" going"to"be"shorter"when"it"is"followed"by"[t]"than"when"it"is"followed"by"[d]."" " " " The"other"aspect"which"triggers"differences"in"the"duration"of"vowels"is"the"rhythmic"structure"of"the"word"which" has"to"do"with"the"amount"of"unstressed"syllables"that"follow"the"stressed"one."In"that"case,"the"higher"the"number" of"unstressed"syllables"the"shorter"the"duration"of"the"vowel"in"the"stressed"syllable."An"example"is"provided"below" for"the"vowel"[iː]"which"will"be"longer"in"the"word"lead'(since"no"unstressed"syllables"follow),"shorter"in"leader'(with" one" unstressed"syllables" after" the" stressed"one)" and" even" shorter" in" leadership'(since"two"unstressed"syllables" appear"after"the"stressed"one)."This"phenomenon"is"known"as"rhythmical'clipping.'" "

"

3"CONSONANTS" Parameters"to"describe"consonants" " Vocal"fold"position" Open"(voiceless)" " Nearly"together"(voiced)" "

Place"of"articulation" Where"the"sound"is"produced" Which"articulators"are"used"

Vocal"fold"position" "

" "

Place"of"articulation" "

" "

5

Manner"of"articulation" The"degree"of"constriction"" used"to"produce"a"sound"

Manner"of"articulation" " The"air"coming"from"the"lungs"may"be"obstructed"in"the"following"ways:"" " 1."A"complete"closure"of"the"articulators"(as"in"plosives'[p"b],"[t"d],"[k"g]"or"nasals'[m],"[n],"[M])."" "

" Representation"of"plosives" " " " 2."A"close"narrowing"of"the"articulators"(as"in"fricatives'[s],"[f],"[Y])."" "

"" Representation"of"fricatives" " " " 3."A"partial"closure"(as"in"laterals'[l])."" " " 4."An"intermittent"closure"(as"in"trills'[r]"or"taps'[r])."" "

"" Representation"of"a"tap"and"a"trill" " " " 5."An"open"approximation"of"the"articulators"(as"in"approximants'[j],"[w])."" "

"" Representation"of"an"approximant" " " " 6." Finally,"it" is" possible" to" combine" two" types" of" constriction" in" the" production" of" one" sound," as" in" the" case" of" affricates' ([sR]" and" [cY])," which" are" produced" with" a" complete" closure" (as" in" plosives)" followed" by" a" fricative" release."" "

"

6

" " " " "

Types"of"articulation" " "

Single"articulation"

Double"articulation"

Consonants"are"produced"with"a"single"place" of"articulation" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Sometimes"it"is"possible"to"produce"sounds"with"a" double"articulation."The"two"constrictions"have"to"" be"of"equal"rank"(the"same"degree"of"approximation" or"manner"of"articulation." [w]"bilabial"and"velar"(open"approximation)"

Articulation" " "

Primary"

Secondary"

The"most"important"articulation"of"a"consonant" And"often"the"only" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Sometimes"primary"articulation"can"be"accompa-" nied"by"a"secondary"articulation."Simultaneous"to" the"primary"one"constriction"but"of"lower"rank."So" the"manner"of"articulation"of"the"2nd"constriction" has"to"be"more"open"than"that"of"the"primary"one." Two"[tu:]"t"becomes"labialaized" Dark"l"

Types"of"consonants" " "

Obstruents"

Blockage"of"the"airflow"in"the"oral"cavity."" " Plosives,"fricatives"and"affricates" " " " " " "

Sonorants" Produced"with"a"free"escaping"of"the"air"flow." Approximants,"laterals,"nasals"and"vowels"

Types"of"consonants" " "

Fortis"

Consonants"produced"with"more"muscular" " effort."Voiceless" " " " "

lenis" Consonants"produced"with"less"muscular"" effort."Voiced"

7

Allophonic"variation"in"English"consonants" " Aspiration"

"

Devoicing"

Plosives"[p],"[t]"and"[k]"are" aspirated"in"certain"environ-" ments." " " " It"takes"place"when"this"plosives"" are"located"at"the"beginning"of" a"stressed"syllable." " " " Aspiration"is"blocked"when"this" plosives"are"preceeded"by"[s] " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

Velarization"

Partial"or"total"loss"of"voicing"of"a"" voice"sound"in"certain"contexts." " Obstruents"are"devoiced"when"are"" located"before"or"after"a"pause,"or"" when"they"are"in"contact"with"a"" voiceless"sound." "

Voiced,"alveolar,"lateral [l] is"sometimes"velarized [4] In"certain"contexts." Clear"[l]"only"appears"before" vowels"and"[j]" Light"[lait]"" Lure"[lju?]"

Voiced/devoiced"minimal"pair"[g]-[k]"

Dark"[4] only before consonants" (except"for"[j])"or"before"a"" pause."" Milk"[mi4k]" Mill"[mi4]"

Loss"of"voicing"of"a"voiced"[g]" Differentiation"for"the"aspirated"[k]" " At"the"end"of"a"word"the"duration"of"" the"preceding"vowel"is"shorter"when"" follows"a"voiceless"sound"(sack/sag)" Approximants"and"laterals"[j],"[w],"[r]" and"[l]"are"devoiced"when"they"are" preceded"by"[p],"[t]"or"[k]"at"the"" beginning"of"a"stressed"syllable." pay"/"pray"/"spray"

Aspiration" "

"

"

"

"

Devoicing" "

"

"

"

""""""

"

8

4"COMBINATION"OF"SOUNDS" " The"syllable" The"only"compulsory"element"to"have"a"syllable"is"the"vowel"(monophthong"or"diphthong)."Preceding"and" following"consonants"are"optional."" " Constituents" " The"nucleus"(corresponding"to"a"vowel)"is"obligatory."The"onset," which"is"optional,"is"made"up"of"a"consonant,"if"any,"or"a"group"of" consonants"preceding"the"nucleus."The"coda,"which"is"also" optional,"includes"the"consonant/s,"if"any,"that"follow"the"nucleus." The"rhyme"contains"the"nucleus"and"the"coda."

" "

"""""""" " More"than"one"syllable" A"word"with"more"than"one"syllable"is"provided"below"for"the"word"button,"which"consists"of"two"syllables" "The"first"syllable"has"both"an"onset"and"a"coda"and"the"second"one"only"has"a"coda."" " " Syllabic"Consonants"

" " "

"

In"English"it"is"sometimes"possible"to"drop"the"Z?\ vowel"when"it"is"followed" by"a"consonant"(usually"[n]"or"[l])"in"the"same"syllable"and"it"is"preceded"by" another"consonant"which"does"not"belong"to"the"same"syllable."A"common" example"can"be"found"in"the"word"button'which"can"be"pronounced"as" Z!aUs?m\ or"Z!aUsm\- When"this"occurs,"the"syllabification"of"the"word"is"still" the"same,"that"is,"native"speakers"of"English"perceive"that"both" Z!aUs?m\ (with"schwa)"and"Z!aUsm\ (without"schwa)"have"two"syllables"and" therefore,"the"[n]"in"Z!aUsm\ is"called"a"syllabic'consonant,"that"is,"a" consonant"that"makes"up"a"syllable"on"its"own.""

Sonority"hierarchy" In"this"case"the"definition"of"a"syllable"is"not"based"on"the"presence"of"a"nuclear"vowel"but"on"the"number"of"sonority"peaks"with" which"a"word"is"divided."According"to"this"framework,"sounds"have"different"degrees"of"sonority,"that"is,"some"sounds"are"perceived" as"being"more"salient"(more"sonorous)"than"others."" "

" " If"we"define"the"number"of"syllables"of"a"word"as"the"result"of"the"number"of"sonority"peaks,"we"can"conclude"that"both" pronunciations"of"the"word"button'(Z!aUs?m\ "and"Z!aUsm\)"have"two"syllables"since"they"both"show"two"sonority"peaks."" "

" " "

9

Phonotactics:"combination"of"sounds" " Phonotactics'is"the"area"of"phonetics"that"studies"the"combination"of"sounds"allowed"in"a"given"language."Not"all" languages"allow"the"same"combinations."For"example,"whereas"in"English"it"is"possible"to"produce"the"consonant" cluster"[sp]"at"the"beginning"of"a"word"such"as"Spain'ZrodHm\,"in"Spanish"this"consonant"cluster"is"not"allowed"and" thus"Spanish"speakers"produce"the"English"word"Spain'as"[es!peHn]."" "

" "

Initial"and"Final"consonant"clusters"

SÍLABAS

ONSET POSITION

CODA POSITION

Sonidos posibles

Sonidos imposibles

Sonidos posibles

Sonidos imposibles

ZERO

All vowels

t+ t?

All vowels

d+ z+ U+ n

ONE

All consonants

M

All consonants

g+ i+ v 'q(

TWO

1)"[s]"+"consonant"" 2)"consonant"+" approximant"" " 1."[s]"+"voiceless" plosive"(p,"t,"k)" spy,'stay,'sky" " +"[f]"" sphere'" +"nasal"([m]/[n])"" smile,'snore" +"approximant" ([w]/[j]/[l])"" sweet,'suit,"slow'" " 2."plosive"+" approximant"" plane,'cute,"twin,"dry,' glow'"

sR+ cY+ C+ Y+ M

" 2."Consonant"+"[t]/[d]"(as" past"tense"morpheme" boundary)"" +"[s]/[z]"(as"plural/third" person"singular" morpheme"boundary)"" +"[S]"(as"ordinal"number" morpheme"boundary)"" " The"choice"between"[t]" and"[d]"(past"tense" morpheme)"or"[s]"and"[z]" (plural/third"person" singular"morpheme)" depends"of"the"voice" condition"of"the"preceding" consonant."[t]"and"[s]"are" preceded"by"a"voiceless" consonant"and"[d]"and"[z]" by"a"voiced" consonant."(cats/dogs"//" laughed/loved)" "

[f]/[v]/[S]/[s]/[R] +" approximant"" fry,"view,'throat,'sly,' shrine'" [n]/[m]/[l]/[h]"+" approximant"(only"[j])"" new,'mute,"lure,'huge'" " " "

1."Nasal/lateral/[s]"+" obstruent"(plosive," fricative,"affricate)""

"

"

10

f+ C+ M

SÍLABAS

ONSET POSITION Sonidos" posibles"

THREE

CODA POSITION

Sonidos"imposibles"

[s]"+"consonant"+" approximant"" " [s]"+"[p]/[t]/[k]"+" approximant"" splash,"stew,"scream'" [s]"+"[f]"+"approximant"" sphragistics'" [s]"+"[m]"+"approximant"" smew'" "

Sonidos" posibles"

Sonidos"imposibles"

nasal"+"obstruent"+" morpheme"consonant" bands,"jumped'" lateral"+"obstruent"+" morpheme"consonant" milked,"twelfth"" [s]"+"[p]/[t]/[k]"+" morpheme"consonant"" risks,"asked" There"are"a"few"words"in" English"that"contain"a" syllable"with"a"final"threeconsonant"cluster"whose" last"consonant"does"not" belong"to"a"morpheme" boundary."Two"of"the" most"common"words"are:"" Text,'glimpse'"

" English"four-consonant" clusters"in"syllable"coda" position"can"only"be" made"by"adding"a" morpheme"consonant"to" a"syllable"which"already" has"a"three-consonant" cluster."" twelfths'" texts'" glimpsed'" " Note"that"the"word" twelfths'contains"two" morpheme"consonants" (ordinal"number"and" plural),"that"is," [twelf+S+s].""

FOUR

" Connected"speech"processes"

" " Assimilation" Regressive"or"anticipatory" Progressive"or"perseverative" Coalescence" "

Elision" " "

" " " "

Liaison" Linking"r" Intrusive"r"

Assimilation" It’s" a" process" by" which" one" (or" more)" sound(s)" takes" characteristics" from" another" sound." Assimilations" can" be" classified"according"to"the"direction"in"which"the"borrowing"of"characteristics"takes"place."" " Regressive"or"anticipatory" The"most"common"type"of"assimilation"in"English."One"sound"anticipates"some"features"of"the"following"sound." (Sound"1" Sound"2)" " Plosives"[t]"[d]"/"nasal"[n]"/"fricatives"[s]"[z]""

11

The"common"characteristic"of"these"sounds"is"that"they"all"have"the"same"place"of"articulation,"namely,"alveolar." Furthermore,"it"is"important"to"note"that"only"the"alveolar"feature"is"affected"by"the"assimilatory"process."" "

"" " The"only"possible"changes"ca"be"summarized"as"follows."

"

1."[t]"[d]"[n]"become"bilabial"[p]"[b]"[m]"when"followed"by"a"bilabial"sound"([p]"[b]"[m)"" " 2."[t]"[d]"[n]"become"velar"[k]"[g]"[M]"when"followed"by"a"velar"sound"([k]"[g])"" "

" "

12

3."[s]"and"[z]"become"post-alveolar"[R]"[Y]"when"followed"by"a"post-alveolar"sound"([R]"[Y])"or"a"palatal"sound"([j])"" "

" " " Progressive"or"perseverative" It"is"also"possible"in"English"to"have"an"assimilatory"process"in"which"a"sound"takes"characteristics"of"the" preceding"sound." (Sound"1" Sound"2)" " Progressive"assimilations"only"take"place"when"there"is"an"alveolar"syllabic'nasal"[n]"preceded"by"a"bilabial"or"a" velar"consonant."Thus,"two"processes"are"involved:"1)"loss"of"the"schwa"in"the"sequence"[?n]"with"a"subsequent" syllabic"[n]"and"2)"assimilation"of"the"place"of"articulation"of"the"syllabic"[n]"to"the"place"of"articulation"(bilabial"or" velar)"of"the"preceding"consonant."" " " " "

13

Coalescence" involves"the"merging"of"two"sounds"into"another"sound"which"takes"characteristics"from"the"two"original"ones." The"sounds"that"suffer"a"coalescence"process"in"English"are"the"alveolar"plosives"[t]"and"[d]"when"followed"by"the" palatal"approximant"[j]."" " " "

" "

Elision" The"consonants"that"can"undergo"an"elision"process"in"English"are"the"alveolar"plosives"[t]"and"[d]."These"sounds," however,"cannot"be"elided"in"all"contexts"but"only"if"the"following"conditions"are"met:"1)"[t]"and"[d]"must"be"in" word"(or"syllable)"final"position"and"they"must"be"preceded"by"a"consonant"of"the"same"voicing;"2)"the"following" word"must"start"with"any"consonant,"except"for"[h].""

"

""

"

"

"

"""

"

"

"

"""

"

14

Liaison" Is"a"phenomenon"which"involves"the"pronunciation"of"a"sound"at"the"end"of"a"word"so"as"to"link"it"with"the"first" sound"of"the"following"word."In"English,"there"are"two"common"liaison"processes"which"always"involve"the"insertion" of"[r]"and"which"are"known"as"follows: " Linking-r"" in"non-rhotic'accents,"words"ending"with"“r”"or"“re”"in"the"spelling"are"pronounced"with"final"[r]...