Resumen Completo, Temas 1-4.pdf PDF

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Resumen Completo, Temas 1-4...

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Notes Lit II 2012-2013 (1st part)

by LAB

En rojo posibles términos para el examen (luego recogidos en el glosario)

INDEX

Short timeline of the Works read…………….pg 2 Unit 1 ………………………………………………………pg 3-21 Unit 2 ………………………………………………………pg 22-27 Unit 3 ……………………………………………………..pg 28-40 Unit 4 ……………………………………………………..pg 41-45 GLOSARIO 1st part…………………………………...pg 46-54

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Short timeline and important info on authors Restoration and 18th c. JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700): An Essay of Dramatic Poetry (RESTORATION), satirical influenced by Milton. Turning point for drama. APHRA BEN (1640-1689): Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave (fictitious biography of Oroonoko; novel?) DANIEL DEFOE (1660-1731): Robinson Crusoe (fictional autobiography in epistolary form) / Moll Flanders (novel; fictitious autobiography)) 18th c. novel. SAMUEL RICHARDSON: (1689-1761 ) Clarissa (epistolary novel with a tragic heroine)/ Pamela Augustan POETS And Satire (movement away from comedy) JOHN GAY (1685-1732): The Beggar´s Opera (satire): ballad opera with musical airs. JONATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745): Gulliver´s Travels (satire and traveler´s tale/18th c. novel) / A Modest Proposal (essay, satire) ADDISON AND STEELE (1672-1719/29): The Tatler /Spectator (periodical essays/ satire). Literary criticism. ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744): An Essay on Criticism (says best critics are authors)/ the Rape of the Lock/An Essay on Man (in heroic couplets, respecting Newton´s balance in nature)/ The Duncaid (all satire) MASTER OF AUGUSTAN POETRY SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709- 1784): The Vanity of the Human Wishes/ Rambler /Rasselas/Dictionary JAMES BOSWELL (1740-1795): The Life of Samuel Johnson (biography) THOMAS GRAY (1716-1771): Elegy Written in Church Courtyard (gothic elegy): makes a shift from classical Roman (Neoclassical) towards Romanticism. JAMES THOMPSON: (1700-1748 ) First nature poet, wrote Seasons JANE AUSTEN: (1813) Pride and Prejudice (Novel: Comedy of Manners/ Satire: light comic tone) Pre-Romantic/Gothic Novels MARY SHELLEY: (1797-1851) Frankenstein; considered Gothic, considered by some to be science fiction, also school of Godwin (says flawed society creates flawed humans). Women novelists FRANCES BURNEY (1752- 1840) Evelina CHARLOTTE SMITH (1749-1806) Elegiac sonnets; revived sonnets and inspired Coleridge and Wadsworth, Emmeline (1788) WALTER SCOTT (1771- 1832) Scottish Ballads, broad historical scope and outdoor scenes of men working

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UNIT 1 English Literature in Context Chapter 3: The Restoration and 18th C (1660-1780) From Comedy to Satire Britain was modernizing itself during this time. London became the largest city in Europe. -consumer culture (tea, coffee, porcelain…) -1707 Act of Union (UK created: + Scotland), first PM, Whigs and Tories -insight on modern science; Francis Bacon and The Royal Society The Monarchy: -Charles II restored from exile in France in 1660 marks new era: RESTORATION His restoration to power ended two centuries of civil wars= Interregnum (between kings) He promised religious toleration, but Parliament passed Test Act in 1673 which excluded Catholics from government office. -James II (Restoration ended when Charles II died). Charles´ Catholic brother James II comes to the throne. Violated Test Act. Normalized relations with Rome. The Glorious Revolution (Bloodless Revolution): James II had a son that he declared would be raised Catholic. House of Lords invited James II´s protestant daughter and her husband William the Orange to take over the crown. James II fled, he was considered to have abdicated the thrown and was replaced by William and Mary of Orange. Declaration of Rights/Bill of Rights was signed (no more Divine Right, rights for citizens, no more Catholics on throne, etc) -The South Sea company was created in 1711 to trade in the South Seas (Spanish ports in the New World) -Last Jacobite Rebellion 1745 Social and Cultural History: Difference between how we see an enlightened England, modernizing itself and going towards the future and the fact that half of English families lived on less than 23 pound a year and were heavily involved in slave trading and tied to its past and traditions. Low life expectancy (30) and a 20% infant mortality rate Agriculture: UK becoming more urbanized. In 1700 about 50% of the pop. lived off agriculture. By 1800 2/3 lived in cities. Enclosure acts: closing off of small fields to combine them to make large farms, end of small farmer. The richest were the large landowners, followed by the gentry. London´s Restoration: Plague of 1665 killed 100,000 then The Great Fire of 1666 raged for 4 days and left 100, 000 homeless and 430 acres scorched. London then began an urban sprawl, horizontally spreading out over what was once farmland Charles II reopened the theatres

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Urbanization: London doubled its population from 1700 to 1800: urbanization, lodging and transportation (travel time fell) Urbanization meant schools, hospitals……but streets filthy and no sewage systems Consumer Culture: The rich began building great houses. (Darcy´s mansion in Pride and Prejudice) Education: Women couldn´t go to university. Higher education only for the rich. Lots of illiteracy Marriage: women started to fight against fixed marriages/ women still at legal disadvantages -women needed marriage for security/stability: divorce very rare Greenwich: town near London -lots of new architecture, observatories, astronomy, Royal Naval College Evangelism and Methodism: John Wesley and his brother Charles spread the Evangelical word Literature and Letters (Restoration and 18th Century) The novel emerged but was outshined by ballads and broadsheets (news of the time) Until 1740 only novels written by women (not considered worthy enough to be written by men) Differences between Restoration and 18th Century Restoration Literature

18th century Literature

Court; Stuarts (Bourbon sense of opulence) Pursuit of pleasure Intensity and immediacy of contact

COURT; Hannovers (from Germany)

Italian and French Art (Baroque) Handwritten manuscripts

Diffusion of taste Politeness and sociability (later to be known as Sensibility) Native productions (more simplistic) Artists/authors recognized, copyright “invented”, booksellers and publishers, shift to print, Published letters (Epistolary novel)

Poetry: -not the most popular form of writing (Metaphysical and Romanticism) -remembered as too simple, too formal and too topical. -dominated by heroic couplets (ten syllables, 5 feet each two line rhyme) -Pope found the best balance Restoration Poetry Only rich wrote poetry (both satirical, both influenced by Milton; who can or cannot be considered a Restoration poet)

John Dryden -The State of Innocence and The Fall of Man (1677) -Annus Mirabilis (1667) about London Fire and defeat of Dutch

18th century Poetry Working class could write poetry too Alexander Pope (pg 250) -An Essay on Criticism -An Essay on Man

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-Pope´s “An Essay on Criticism” (says best critics are authors and vice versa/tells people to read Homer; nature) -pg 250 Pope´s “Essay on Man”; tries to answer same questions as Milton, but in a different way. Both “PL” and “An Essay” start in a garden w/tempting fruit, but An Essay is not an epic, it´s an epistle (letter), not in blank verse, but in heroic couplets with 5 syllables on each side of the caesura. This balance shows how Pope understands Newton´s balance in the universe. -Gray´s Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard marks a shift from classical Roman towards Romanticism. Gray laments that some poor genius might lay buried there w/o recognition. Drama: The Stuart Reformation was the reformation for drama. The theatre had been made illegal by Parliament in 1642. Charles II restored two theatres; The King´s and The Duke´s and women were allowed to act. -Dryden wrote An Essay of Dramatic Poesy in 1668; a turning point in drama. -female playwrights in the 1690s -John Gay´s The Beggar´s Opera (1728): play and music (ballad opera: today it would be a musical theatre) -Malapropisms: mangled idioms named after Mrs. Malaprop (a character from Sheridan´s The Rivals in 1775) The Novel: emergence of the novel as literary genre 18th century novel global Crusoe and Gulliver Terra incognita of unknown places Shorter and less voices

19th century novel domestic city/country landscapes Lengthy and overlapping

What they have in common: they are flexible, fluid and open. Can deal with different issues, genres and uses of print.

The epic and the novel (258): many things in common. Ancient Novel: remember that the novel really existed before (Greco Roman writings, Japanese, Italian) even though we consider the novel something form the last three centuries. -Don Quixote considered the first European novel -The novel is often compared to the epic (novel can be seen as a prose epic) EPIC: long fictional narrative en verse NOVEL: long fictional narrative en prose But epic is part of the past and the novel is part of the present. But Bakhtin sees this as a continuing evolution.

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Early novels: Aphra Behn´s Oroonoko (1688)/ Defoe´s Robinson Crusoe (1719)/ Swift´s Gulliver´s Travels (1726) represent and debate colonial adventure. Novels connected to history in 17th and 18th century called HISTORIES because they claimed to tell the truth. Many coincide with important historical dates. Literary Criticism pg 260: -Modern Literary Criticism emerges during Restoration and 18th c. -Addison and Steele´s Spectator and The Tatler Why does criticism arise? So many publications (59,000 a year by 1790) and readers needed guidance on what to read THE ENLIGHTENMENT -defined by criticism/age of criticism -associated with the rise of science/decline of superstition and irrationalities -decline of religion/separation of church and state -rejection of fanaticism and enthusiasm: defense of open critique and reasoned debate -Major figures are French or German (EX: Voltaire and Kant) -In England; Locke, Bacon and Newton set standards of science, toleration and democracy. -Enlightenment criticized by Swift and Sterne (Anglo Irish) Texts and Issues Royal Society formed by 12 men in 1660 (interested in science, then called natural philosophy) -“Nullius in Verba” (in the words of no one)was their motto. -Robert Hooke published Micrographia (1665) about what things looked like under the microscope. Paradise Lost: influenced many writers /biased against women (origin of sin) -12,000 line epic poem, divided into 12 books: recounts Satan´s fall from heaven, God´s response and Adam and Eve´s fall from grace in the Garden of Eden on earth. -open invoking a muse -inspired by Dante´s Divine Comedy and Spenser´s Fairie Queen. Epic poem: narrates national origins. Locke, philosopher of modernity: important English language philosopher Says our mind in a blank slate (tabula rasa)as a natural state of consciousness. Locke´s Second Treatise on Government (men living in peace and equality) VS. Hobbe´s Leviathan (perpetual war and slavery) -defined a representation system for coinage and money.

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Spectator no.69 and Enlightenment: Royal Exchange: place in London where international traders and merchants began trading in 1570. Consumed by the fire of 1666 and rebuilt. Addison used this building as a metaphor in his Spectator nº 69. (global markets: food, clothes, etc) Addison makes a metaphor in his paper the Spectator, about the Royal Exchange and England´s position in the world. All can be bought and sold here. Nature is redistributed. Abundance and lack are set up by nature to make us interact (not to keep us separate). 18th c. slave narratives: by end of century ex slaves speaking out/Locke´s Second Treatise also talks about slavery -Oroonoko (Aphra Ben) and Robinson Crusoe (Defoe) with its slaves Friday and Xury Ex-slaves wrote: Phillis Wheatley, Quobna Cugoano, Olaudah Equiano -Phillis Wheatley saw her transportation from Africa as a redemption “On Being Brought from Africa to America”. Samuel Johnson -access to knowledge=Enlightenment (dictionaries and encyclopedias) -the first dictionary; reduces words to a method Burke, Hastings and Cook: GB Globalizes Globalism: increasing economic inter-connectedness across the world -GB was losing its Atlantic colonies but gaining others (India/Australia= Cook) -Oroonoko/Robinson Crusoe/Gulliver´s Travels -1776 Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations (in defence of free trade) READINGS: 5 major works of Restoration and 18th c. Aphra Behn´s Oroonoko, Or The Royal Slave (1688) -considered the earliest novel in the English language -shorter than a typical 19th century novel -uses realism: Realism: an attempt to give the illusion of ordinary life. In which unexceptional people undergo everyday experiences. -features a narrator sent across the ocean to the new colonies -connects fictional prose narrative to history -begins with this first sentence:

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-claim to truth, not imagination -History: from the French word “histoire” or story. Here seems to be part eye witness/empirical/record of events -African Prince Oroonoko (renamed Caesar upon arriving in Surinam) and his love for Imoinda, traded as slaves to Surinam -contrasts Oroonoko´s noble character with that of the savage colonists -the title Royal Slave may also make reference to James II ( a Royal reduced to a slave) -we can see epic (refusal to fight)/medieval romance (love)/news (recent events) -sometimes referred to as an abolitionist text -seen as a metaphor as to what happened to James II Daniel Defoe´s Robinson Crusoe (1719) -important 18th c novel. Robinsonnade: subgenre (Swiss Family Robinson)/desert island sequels and imitations. About middle class families and themes. -Dissenters: those that didn´t want to follow the ceremonies and ritual aspects of the Roman Catholic Church, advocated a more personal relationship with God. Refused to swear allegiance to the Anglicans. -the novel is a religious allegory Crusoe is thrown ashore during a storm on an island after trying to illegally transport African slaves into Brazil. References to God when he is saved and he considers he has been born again. He is alone on the island for 28 years before Friday arrives, who he adopts as a slave. Later a Spanish captain arrives. Crusoe recreates the English class system with his 3 subjects. -related to the epic Odyssey -says it´s about facts, not fiction (we are told we are going to read history) It´s a bildungsroman: -German term; a coming of age story. The subject is these novels is the development on the protagonist's mind and character, from childhood into maturity, which usually involves recognition of one's identity and role in the world Jonathan Swift, Gulliver´s Travels (1726) -also insists that he is telling the truth Stranded on 4 islands: 1. Lilliput- short, urban Lilliputians

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2. towering, rural giants: Brobdingnagians 3. flying island with socially awkward people 4. Houyhnhnms: talking horses, who are truthful and who dislike their human looking slaves, the Yahoos. Uses lots of Irony: a figure of speech in which the speaker can say one thing and mean its opposite. Master Bates, the man Gulliver is apprenticed to. (homophonic association w/ masturbate) an ironic pun/lewd joke. (lots of sexual puns and comments in the novel: RUDE) PUN: also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect Laputa: name of the first island, means whore in Spanish. Hovers over and USES Balnibarbi (same as England uses Ireland) Was Swift a misogynist? Or was it satire? -when Gulliver returns from his travels, he prefers the company of his horses and faints when his wife kisses him. Satire: a way of presenting material so as to criticize comically, by making fun of the object of critique. Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man (1733) -translated Homer´s epics and bought a villa in Twickenham -AEOM was published in 4 anonymous installments or Epistles during 1733/4 -Each epistle addresses a different topic: Universe/Individual/Society and Happiness -Epistles: a way of writing that prevailed of late (Pope) -tries to reconcile suffering with a good God -addresses the “problem of pain”: if God is good why is there suffering? -Pope says “What is, is right” same as Augustine. -uses Newton to justify evil: “for every bad there is an equal and opposite good” Palladianism (in architecture) early 18th century movement that preferred stylistic simplicity- relatively free of ornamentation, balance and symmetry. Pope designed his house like this. Palladian Architecture and Newton´s balance can be seen in his poetry: heroic couplet: rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines (couplet of lines, 10 syllables each, 5 sets of unstressed/stressed syllabic units, ending with rhyming syllables) Samuel Richardson, Clarissa, or The History of a Young Lady (1747-1748) -published in 7 volumes in 1747-8 (1,500 pages), was VERY popular for a while.

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-said it was a history, series of letters between Clarissa Harlowe and Anna Howe/ Robert Lovelace and John Belford: in epistolary form. -used instantaneous description to record events and their impressions of them as they happen -Clarissa inherits a fortune from her grandfather and her parents arrange a marriage to the unattractive but wealthy James Solmes. Her refusal to marriage isolates her form her family and she ends up as a captive to Robert Lovelace who tries to seduce her (then drugs and rapes her). She starves herself to death. Lovelace is shunned and goes to France where he dies in a duel. Clarissa is a martyr. -shows that although Clarissa had money and independence, she was not really free to choose. -the book fell out of favor because of its didactic tone + extraordinary length (1500 pages), but “revived” in the 20th c. -talked about: tensions between private and public/ sensitivity to class relation. NORTON: Introduction to the 18th century (pg 2057-2082/ Rehash of Britain´s History: -Act of Union 1707, joined Scotland, England and Whales -Restoration (1660-1700): literature reflected a conflict in values. -Reopening of theatres and many old enemies pardoned (though the church was less tolerant of dissenters). Coffee shops, concerts, libraries, shopping districts…. -Printed works for literate men and women (most middle class and some of the poor) -Domestic economy stimulated by canals and turnpikes/ Global economy (including slaves) -Ethos of politeness (privileged distinguished from rude and vulgar) Religion and Politics -Cromwell abdicated in 1659 and Charles Stuart restored. -Established church restored as well. Church didn´t easily forgive dissenters. -Book of Common Prayer re-imposed in 1662 and barred non conformists in 1664. -Test Act of 1673 prohibited Protestant dissenters and Roman Catholics (like Alexander Pope) from public life -Charles II had promised to rule w/ Parliament, but he really didn´t -Popish Plot 1678 (thought Catholics wanted to raise and kill Protestants) turned out to be false -Problems w/ James II (came to throne in 1685) brought about the Glorious Revolution (1688), and William of Orange and Mary came to rule as joint kings -but many sympathized w/ Jacobitism (James´ son and grandson´s right to rule England) among them Pope, Aphra Ben, Dryden…… -1689 Bill of Rights limited crown´s powers, reaffirmed Parliament and guaranteed personal rights.

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-Toleration Act 1689 relaxed religious tensions -Act of Settlement (1701) decided descendants of English crown (no Catholics) -Whigs and Tories fought for control. -Robert Walpole (known as Britain´s first PM) came to power as result of the South Sea Bubble ( a stock market crash in 1720). Followed by William Pit the Elder in 1742. The Context of Ideas John Milton´s Paradise Lost (1674 final version) John Bunyan Pilgrim´s Progress expressed the conscious of the Non-conformist 1660 Charles reopened playhouses, women began acting Distrust of dogmatism (Puritan enthusiasm, papal infallibility, Divine Right of Kings,…) Thom...