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What is crosstalk? How is it minimized in case of a twisted pair of wire?

Answer: A crosstalk, induced by electromagnetic interference, is nothing but a disruption along a circuit or a pair of cables. In an adjacent circuit, a telecommunication signal disrupts a signal, which may cause the signals to become confused and cross over. In other terms, Crosstalk translates to collecting electronic waves by electromagnetism from all other neighboring cables. 

It is minimized by:

If a pair of wires is twisted together, since they are of opposite polarity, the electromagnetic signals produced by the two wires cancel each other. This tends to decrease the sensitivity of the neighboring wires to interference. 

Why are two separate frequencies used for uplink and downlink transmission in case of satellite communication?

The pair of separate frequencies are put to use for the essence that they don’t affect each other while making sure that a full communication can still be made. Also a strong reason is that given the power that would be needed to transmit a wave that would be in proportion to the wave in use, more energy would be put on because of the weight of the system. 

Differentiate between the 2 switching techniques (Circuit Switching and Packet Switching).(4 differences)

Answer: -

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In circuit switching, each data follows the particular path given by the transmitter so that all data packets reach in sequence, but each data packet only knows the end destination in situation of packet switching and the intermediate nodes or routers determine the intermediate routes. Data is only stored on the source system in the circuit switching system, but data is processed on all routers as well as on the source system in the case of packet switching. In the situation of circuit switching, we will go through 3 stages for the data transmission, 1. link establishment,

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2. Transfers data and 3. Link connection issued, but data is transmitted immediately in case of packet transfer. In contrast to circuit switching, packet switching is more fault-tolerant. In the case of the data packet circuit switching, the interval between two data packets is uniform, but this delay is not uniform in the case of packet switching.

 What is the answer to Exercise 2.7 from Section 2 of our textbook with this change: the 4th transmission (B sends to D) does not occur? Answer: Both switches utilize fallback-to-flooding when A sends D, since no switch understands where D is. Now, S1 through S4 all recognize where A is. Since all the switches know where A is, the packet is immediately transmitted to S1 then next pushed to A , For S2 it knows where D is. Both switches use fallback-to-flooding again if A sends to B, but no switch knows anything new. Switch S1 S2 S3 S4

Known Location AD AD A A

Reference:

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