Neonicotinoids Effects ON Honey BEES - Google Docs PDF

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NEONICOTINOIDS EFFECTS ON HONEY BEES OUTLINE (UNFINISHED) Theresa Mancini

 BACKGROUND: What are Neonicotinoids? ● A new class insecticide which chemically related to nicotine ● What are they used for? ● Homoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera family ➔ Homoptrea Plant feeding insects such as cicadas, treehoppers, froghoppers or spittlebugs (DeLong DM. Annotated classification. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019 Jul 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11].)

➔ Coleoptera Commonly called beetles, examples Cucumber Beetle ,Colorado Potato Beetle, False Potato Beetle ,Flea Beetle and the Bean Leaf Beetle (Crop Beetles. Crop Beetles: Cucumber Beetle, Flea Beetles and Other Pests of Crops. [accessed 2020 Jan 11])

➔ Lepidoptera include butterflies and moths though the true pest are the caterpillars such as the false codling moth, Pink Bollworm and the painted apple moth (Programme JFAOIAEA. Insect Pest Control. Lepidoptera (Moth pests), Insect Pest Control - NAFA. [accessed 2020 Jan 11].) 

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Pests, sap-feeding insects, such as aphids on cereals, and root-feeding grubs. ➔ Aphids Best known for their harm to vegetable crops examples are Currant lettuce aphid, Potato aphid and the Melon aphid (Aphid pests in vegetable crops. AUSVEG. [accessed 2020 Jan 11].)

● seed treatments for cereals and sugar beet (the widest use) ➔ Cereals in agriculture are members of the grass family (Grains) E.x Wheat, rice, corn (maize), rye, oats, barley, sorghum, and millets (Kent-Jones DW. Cereal farming. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017 Oct 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11])

➔ Sugar Beets Cultivated due to its high levels of sucrose (Sugar) it is second to sugar cane as a major source of sugar worldwide (Yamane T. Sugar beet. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016 Apr 12 [accessed 2020 Jan 11].) 

  ● soil treatment for pot plants in the ornamental sector ➔ Ornamental Sector also known as ornamental horticulture which consists of floriculture, deals with growing and marketing plants sometimes deals with landscape design (Perrott R, Synge PM. Ornamental horticulture. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019 Oct 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11])

● treatment for turf in the amenity sector ➔ Amenity Sector Ground management and turf care, Irrigation and landscaping (Horticulture & Amenity. IAgrE. [accessed 2020 Jan 11].)

● foliar sprays on apples, pears and a range of glasshouse crops ➔ Foliar Sprays Foliar plant spray involves applying fertilizer directly to a plant’s leaves as opposed to putting it in the soil. (What Is Foliar Spray: Learn About Different Types Of Foliar Spraying. Gardening Know How. 2018 Apr 5 [accessed 2020 Jan 13].)

➔ Glasshouse crops Tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, spinach Vegetables: growing in your greenhouse. Vegetables: growing in your greenhouse / RHS Gardening. [accessed 2020 Jan 13].)

When did the effects start to be noticed? How/Who were they created ● In the 1980s Shell and in the 1990s Bayer started work on their development. ➔ Shell R  oyal Dutch Shell PLC, commonly known as Shell, is an British-Dutch oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom.¨ ➔ Bayer ¨Bayer AG is a German multinational pharmaceutical and life sciences company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world¨ What is being done to mitigate the issue? What issues are they causing for honey bees? What can you do to help with the issue?   

What aspects of HIPPCO are causing the decline of species? ➔ HIPPCO An acronym used to help explain threats to the environment H is Habitat loss, I is Invasive species, P Population, P pollution ,C climate change and O over exploitation  How its used? ● acetamiprid; clothianidin; imidacloprid; thiacloprid; and thiamethoxam. ➔ Acetamiprid Acetamiprid is a carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group. It has a role as a neonicotinoid insecticide, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. (Acetamiprid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13].)

➔ Carboxamidine

 ➔ Acetamidines Acetamidine is a carboxamidine. It derives from an acetic acid.

 ➔ Methyl A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3   

➔ Cyano group AKA Nitrile A nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The prefix cyano- is used interchangeably with the term nitrile

 ➔ Xenobiotic a chemical compound (such as a drug, pesticide, or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organism  ➔ Clothianidin Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. ➔ Imidacloprid Imidacloprid is an insecticide that was made to mimic nicotine. Nicotine is naturally found in many plants, including tobacco, and is toxic to insects. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, termites, some soil insects, and fleas on pets. It has been used in products sold in the United States since 1994. (Imidacloprid. National Pesticide Information Center. [accessed 2020 Jan 13].)

➔ Thiacloprid Thiacloprid is a nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen. It has a role as a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a neonicotinoid insecticide. (Thiacloprid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13].)

➔ Cyanamide under the trade name Dormex, is a common agricultural rest-breaking agent applied in spring to stimulate uniform opening of buds, early foliation and bloom. ➔ Thiamethoxam A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.(Thiamethoxam. National

Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13].

➔ Thiazole Thiazole, or 1,3-thiazole, is a heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen; the term 'thiazole' also refers to a large family of derivatives. Thiazole itself is a pale yellow liquid with a pyridine-like odor and the molecular formula C3H3NS.  How do Neonics Work? ● The neonicotinoids act on certain kinds of receptors in the nerve synapse ➔ Nerve Synapse (Insects) Individual nerve cells connect with one another through special junctions ➢  When a nerve impulse reaches the synapse, it releases a chemical messenger (neurotransmitter substance) that diffuses across the synapse and triggers a new impulse in the dendrite(s) of one or more connecting neurons. Acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, and noradrenaline are examples of neurotransmitters found in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.”  Why are Neonics so Bad for Bees? ● Does not kill bees automatically but affects their ability to forage for nectar, learn and remember where flowers are located, and possibly impair their ability to find their way home to the nest or hive What is Honey-bee colony collapse disorder (CCD)? ➔ Colony Collapse disorder (CCD) Colony Collapse Disorder is the phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a colony disappear and leave behind a queen, plenty of food and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees and the queen (Colony Collapse Disorder. EPA. 2018 Apr 26 [accessed 2020 Jan 13])

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CITATIONS Acetamiprid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Acetamiprid

Aphid pests in vegetable crops. AUSVEG. [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://ausveg.com.au/biosecurity-agrichemical/crop-protection/aphids/

Colony Collapse Disorder. EPA. 2018 Apr 26 [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection/colony-collapse-disorder

Crop Beetles. Crop Beetles: Cucumber Beetle, Flea Beetles and Other Pests of Crops. [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. http://www.pestproducts.com/crop-beetles.htm

DeLong DM. Annotated classification. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019 Jul 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://www.britannica.com/animal/homopteran/Annotated-classification

Horticulture & Amenity. IAgrE. [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://iagre.org/horticulture-amenity

Imidacloprid. National Pesticide Information Center. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidagen.html

Kent-Jones DW. Cereal farming. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017 Oct 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://www.britannica.com/topic/cereal-farming

Perrott R, Synge PM. Ornamental horticulture. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019 Oct 24 [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture/Ornamental-horticulture#ref410816

Programme JFAOIAEA. Insect Pest Control. Lepidoptera (Moth pests), Insect Pest Control NAFA. [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/ipc/moths.html

Thiacloprid. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Thiacloprid

Thiamethoxam. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5485188

Vegetables: growing in your greenhouse. Vegetables: growing in your greenhouse / RHS Gardening. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=613

What Is Foliar Spray: Learn About Different Types Of Foliar Spraying. Gardening Know How. 2018 Apr 5 [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/soil-fertilizers/what-is-foliar-spray.htm

Xenobiotic. Merriam-Webster. [accessed 2020 Jan 13]. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/xenobiotic

Yamane T. Sugar beet. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016 Apr 12 [accessed 2020 Jan 11]. https://www.britannica.com/plant/sugar-beet

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