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TSLLINGUISTICS IN LANGUAGE TEACHINGASSIGNMENT 1 (QUESTION 1)GROUP: ED2411CPREPARED BY:1. AZIM BIN ARIFIN 20204799962. NUR ISFAHANI BINTI BENNY SUPARMAN 2020830772LECTURER’S NAME: MADAM ROSLINDA BINTI ABDUL WABSUBMISSION DATE: 7th January 2021 (Week 12)TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION2. WORD-FORMATIO...

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TSL426 LINGUISTICS IN LANGUAGE TEACHING ASSIGNMENT 1 (QUESTION 1)

GROUP: ED2411C PREPARED BY: 1. AZIM BIN ARIFIN

2020479996

2. NUR ISFAHANI BINTI BENNY SUPARMAN

2020830772

LECTURER’S NAME: MADAM ROSLINDA BINTI ABDUL WAB

SUBMISSION DATE: 7th January 2021 (Week 12)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

WORD-FORMATION 2.1.

BORROWING / CALQUE

2.2.

COMPOUNDING 2.2.1.

2.3.

BLENDING

CLIPPING 2.3.1.

HYPOCORISMS

2.3.2.

BACKFORMATION

2.4.

CONVERSION

2.5.

COINAGE 2.5.1.

ACRONYMS

2.6.

DERIVATION

2.7.

MULTIPLE PROCESSES

3.

CONCLUSION

4.

REFERENCES

1.

INTRODUCTION Everything in this world has its own origins as how it is created, where it comes from,

what are the elements, and what is the concept of invention of it. Other than materials, animals or humans, language is one of the biggest mysteries in the world until now as it is a very important system of communication for humans to express our feelings, speak among ourselves and write to each other. Language keeps evolving and expanding every year in a particular country or area in the world until the English language becomes the universal language in the world. As stated by Nurul Hijah Jasman (2019), English Language has become one of the essentials to the people to learn the language because English is one of the most dominant languages and brings much impact to fields of work in many countries. For instance, countries like Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore do utilize English language as the language for academics and economics purposes. Furthermore, there are some English words that were applied and have become a general term in their own national language. However, Malaysia is one of the countries that has been applying English languages for teaching in schools and universities nationwide. Therefore, we need to touch on the history of the formation of words in the English and Malay language and how they differ to each other.

2.

WORD FORMATION Every language was formed and created according to the passage of time in a certain

place where there is a community living in that place. How are we able to communicate with each other? How did the language that we are speaking at the moment is created? We might be wondering about how does English and Malay languages originated and what is the formation of all vocabulary or words that we speak every single time. Nowadays, languages are still developing with the creation of new words due to the influence of slang especially from social media. For example, a lot of social media users are using some new words that we are unfamiliar with due to the trends in this modern and developing world. Therefore, there are a lot of words formed through these several processes such as borrowing, compounding, clipping, conversion, coinage, derivation and multiple processes.

2.1.

BORROWING

The borrowing process is defined as a series of taking and using something that belongs to someone or anything that has the rights on it. According to George Yule (2017), in his book ‘The Study Of Language’, borrowing means the take over of words from other languages and apply it in the language. It is one of the most common sources of new English words. There are two types of borrowings in English words, which are loan-words and loan-translation or calque. Firstly, one of the examples that can be taken from English borrowing words regarding loan-words is ‘doppelganger’. This word is derived from the German language. In English, this word means a spirit or soul that looks exactly like a living person or someone who looks exactly like someone else, but is not affiliated or related with that person. ‘Doppelganger’ is a compound noun formed by the combination of the two words, ‘Doppel’ which means double and ‘Gänger’ which means walker or goer. Also, the singular and plural forms are the same in German, but in English, the plural ‘doppelgängers’ are generally preferred. This word had been introduced a long time ago. In 1796, a German author named Jean Paul introduced the word ‘doppelgänger’ in his novel, “Siebenkäs”. The circuitous plot included the protagonist, Siebenkäs, with his friend and lookalike, Leibgeber, swapping identities. Ironically, two terms or words were coined by Jean Paul to describe doubles ‘doppeltgänger’ was used to label an eerie look alike, while ‘doppelgänger’ was used to describe a meal simultaneously serving two courses (Tim Little, 2017). In comparison with Malay language, there are lots of loanwords from other languages, especially from Portugese language. For example, the word ‘almari’. It may have been about 600 years after the Portuguese colonists left, but there are still words borrowed from their language in our national language. The word ‘almari’ was derived from the word ‘armario’, which in both languages, means cupboard. Also, the word ‘keju’ (cheese). ‘Keju’ (cheese) is another word we adopted in Portuguese, which is pronounced exactly the same way. The only difference is that the pronunciation must come from the epiglottis of the word that's pronounced ‘queijo’. Also, the word ‘teh’ (tea). There are several Chinese dialects used in Malay language and some of the words have been adapted to the national language from these dialects. The word ‘teh’ (tea) is one of them.

2.2.

COMPOUNDING

The next process of the word formation is the combination of two different words to create a new single word, that can be a noun or an adjective, which is known as compounding. There are several compounds like nouns, adjectives, and verbs in English. Compounded words are spelled as a single word, or as two or more hyphenated words, or sometimes as two or more distinct words. One of the examples that can be taken from English compounding words is ‘greenhouse’. This word shows a relationship between adjective and noun compounds. We can tell that this is a new word because if we only merged the two terms to make an expression, the meaning is different from what we would get. As we know, green is an adjective and it means the colour between blue and yellow in the spectrum. Meanwhile, house is a noun and it means a building for human habitation, especially one that consists of a ground floor and one or more upper storeys. We might walk down the street describing the houses: “This one is a brown house, this one is a tall house, this one is a red house, and this one is a green house”. However, a ‘greenhouse’ is something different from a green house. It's a modern term that is derived from compounding (Catherine Anderson, 2018). To conclude, ‘greenhouse’ is a noun and it is a glass building in which plants that need protection from cold weather are grown. Process of compounding can also be found in Malay language. The first word is ‘rumah tangga’. In Malay, this word can be divided by two single words. The first word is ‘rumah’ and it means a building for human habitation, especially one consisting of a ground floor and one or more upper floors. The second word is ‘tangga’ and it means a set of steps, usually inside the building, that lead from one floor of a building to another. To summarise, ‘ rumah tangga’ in Malay means a family or community of people living together and it is called ‘household’ in English.

2.2.1.

Blending

Blending is another type of compounding. You take two existing words to create a blended English word and combine the letters in a way to make a new word. The new word then reflects a mixture of the two original words' sounds and meanings, but still has its own special meaning.

One of the examples that can be taken from English blending words is ‘brunch’. This word is a combination of two different single words, which are breakfast and lunch. For your information, breakfast is the first meal taken after rising from sleep at night, most frequently consumed in the early morning before carrying out the work of the day. Meanwhile, lunch means a light midday meal between breakfast and dinner. All in all, after these two words are combined, a new word with new meaning is created. According to our research, the noun ‘brunch’ signifies a late morning meal eaten instead of breakfast and lunch. This word originated in England in the late 19th century and it became popular in the United States in the 1930s (Pascal Tréguer, 2020). It is undeniably true that the word ‘brunch’ is widely used now, especially in restaurants as it is an famous and interesting term to attract more customers. Malay language also undergoes the same word formation process, called blending. Nowadays, we can find a lot of blending words in Malay and one of them is ‘ andartu’. There are three single words involved in the making of this word. The first word is ‘anak’ and it means a child or young human being under the age of puberty or below the majority legal age. The second word is ‘dara’ and it means a state or characteristic of being a virgin and it usually refers to a woman or a girl who is not married yet. The last word is ‘tua’ and it refers to an adjective of being old. To summarise, the word ‘andartu’ in Malay is a very common word and the meaning behind it is a woman who is old enough but still hasn't got the chance to marry a man. The possible reasons why some women become ‘andartu’ may be due to a less desirable appearance and they prefer to stay single until they find the right man in their life. Also, ‘andartu’ is a very popular word in the use or language of sarcasm used by Malay people to make fun of women who remain single for the rest of their life.

2.3.

CLIPPING

Another process of word formation is clipping which means the reduction of syllables in a word that has more than one syllable to a shorter form and becomes a new form of word. However, the clipped word must be carrying the exact same meaning as the original form. Clipping is categorized into two types which are hypocorisms and backformation. In this process, names can also be clipped by changing it to only one syllable or using hypocorisms and

add ‘-y’ at the end. In Malay language, there are several words that can be clipped too and names are highly likely able to be clipped too by the hypocorisms process. For instance, the word gymnasium, a place where people train their fitness is clipped as ‘gym’. The word is reduced from four syllables to one syllable and still carry the same meaning. Besides, words like memorandum, laboratory and mathematics can be clipped and become ‘memo’, ‘lab’ and ‘math’. This is because it is easier for people to say the words in a communication. Even though the words are clipped, they still carry the same meaning from the original form. However, the Malay language borrowed a lot of words from English but there are only several clipped words that are usually used such as ‘faksimile - faks’, which means the same as facsimile that is also clipped to ‘facs’, and ‘kondominium - kondo’, which also means the same as condominium.

2.3.1.

Hypocorisms

There are two other divisions of the sub-process that can be seen from this whole clipping process. The first one is called hypocorism. Hypocorism is a particular type of reduction, favored in Australian and British English. In this process, the word is reduced to a single syllable, then attached with -y or -ie at the end but it still carries the same meaning. One of the examples that can be taken from English hypocorism words is ‘Hans’. ‘Hans’ may either be a variant of Johannes, which would appear in the official records for the individual in a longer form, or it may be the only given name the individual may ever have carried. Also, there are many other names that undergo the same word formation process, like the name ‘Brad’. It might be a shortening of ‘Bradley’, ‘Bradford’, or even ‘Brady’. Besides that, hypocorism is also used to show a shortened version of a word or phrase regarding a pet name (Richard Nordquist, 2019). For example, the word ‘kitty’. ‘Kitty’ is a shortened version for a ‘kitten’ or it can be a pet’s name. When we use the word in a sentence, it may sound like “Do you want to pet the kitty?”. In the making of this research, we found that there are not so many examples that can be taken from Malay language that undergo this word formation process. In fact, hypocorism in

Malay language is very common and widely used to only focus on people’s names. For example, the name of ‘Mad’. 'Mad' is Muhammad's Malay variant and it is also the casual spoken form of names that end with -mad or -mat such as ‘Ahmad’ and ‘Samat’. Another example is ‘Fattie’. This nickname usually refers to a girl’s name and is a short form for ‘Fatimah’. ‘Fatimah’ is considered as one of the most famous names in Malaysia and ‘Fattie’ is a modern nickname for it.

2.3.2.

Backformation

Meanwhile, backformation is a process of modifying the function of a word such as a noun to a verb by reducing the syllable of the word. Back-formation is the method of creating a new word (a neologism) in linguistics by removing real or implied affixes from another word. Simply put, a back-formation is a shortened term created from a longer word (Richard Nordquist, 2018). A good example of backformation is the process whereby the verb ‘motivate’ first came into use due to the noun ‘motivation’. ‘Motivate’ is referring to an action of encouragement or lifting the spirit to be resilient while motivation means the courage of doing something that involves hard work and effort. Another word is ‘react’, which originated from the word ‘reaction’. The word reaction, which is a noun, means a response of a person’s behaviour or an effect of a chemical substance toward something. Also, the word ‘react’, which is a verb, means the action of behaving or responding towards a situation, attitude or chemical substance. There are also many words that undergo the same process in Malay language. For example, the word ‘pembantu’. In Malay language, ‘pembantu’ is an individual who ranks below a senior person and it refers to a person who helps in particular work. In English, ‘ pembantu’ is called an assistant. The shorter form of it is ‘ bantu’ , which is a verb and it means the act of helping to make it simpler for someone by offering one's services or support to do something.

2.4.

CONVERSION

Conversion is known as the process that switches the part of speech of a word between a noun, verb and an adjective without any reduction. Noun can be a verb or an adjective depending on the situation but it must not have any reduction of the word. First example that can be taken from the English conversion words is ‘text’. It is a noun at first glance but it can also be changed to a verb through the conversion process. For example, we would use this word as a verb in a dialogue like, “Can you text him?”. The word ‘text’ is a noun but in the context of the sentence, it is a verb as the word here basically shows an action, meaning to send a message to someone. Other than that, an adjective word such as ‘clean’ can be a verb or the verb ‘clean’ can also be an adjective depending on the context. In Malay language, there are also several conversion words such as the word ‘belanja’. There are two uses of this word. Firstly, it can be signified as a noun, as in ‘belanja’ actually means an expense or the cost of anything incurred or needed. Meanwhile, as a verb, ‘belanja’ can also mean an action of buying someone a food, drink, or any entertainment at one's own expense a certain way.

2.5.

COINAGE

Coinage is the method of forming a new word which is formed either purposely or inadvertently without using the other processes of word formation and sometimes out of seemingly nothing (Heather Marie Kosur, 2009). However, most coined words are created on purpose of shortening a word phrase like an authorized name such as an organization, or a commercial product by using the initial letter of the words and it is called acronyms. One of the examples that can be taken from English coinage words is ‘netizen’ which carries the meaning of an eager and constant user of the internet. It was coined by Michael Hauben in the 1990's and it is frequently used nowadays especially on social media and the internet. The word ‘netizen’ is actually blended from the word ‘net’ and citizen’. Therefore, we could say that the word ‘netizen’ is created from multiple processes that will be explained further.

In Malay language, there are several words coined every year by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) to assimilate the uses of Malay words with other languages, (Nur Syamila Kamarul Arefin, 2018). For example, the word ‘ swafoto’. The word is referring to a form of selfportrait photography, usually taken using a digital camera or a hand-held camera mobile phone or supported using a special support stick. It is called ‘selfie’ in English. Besides, the word ‘tular’ is also one of the new words in Malay language that was coined in 2018 which means the same as viral. Other than that, the words like ‘jaguh siber’ (keyboard warrior), ‘gabi’ (supper), ‘cicipan’ (tea-time) and ‘sohor kini’ (trending) are also the new words that were coined in the 2010’s.

2.5.1.

Acronyms

One of the coinage processes is the construction of the initial letter of a set of words to form a new word. According to our research, a way to simplify or shorten phrases into a simpler word is shown by the word formation of acronyms. Acronyms that represent a name of an organization are written in an appropriate term as they are still a proper noun. However, there are some of the acronyms written as a noun because it represents a name of a thing that becomes an everyday term in our daily life. Therefore, acronyms are actually one of the major processes in word formation. For example, in English, the word ‘C.O.D’ is the abbreviation of a short version of a noun word, ‘Cash On Delivery’. It shows that the new word consists of saying each separate letter. Another example which was stated by William C. Plouffe (2018), ‘taser’ which is known as a handheld device that incapacitates a person by transmitting a high volt of electric shock, originated from the words, “Tom A. Swift Electric Rifle”. The original word is quite difficult to say in our daily conversation therefore it was simplified by using the initial letter of the word set as ‘T.A.S.E.R.’. However, it has become an everyday term among everyone and it was called ‘taser’ from then until now. The word formation of acronyms in Malay language is quite similar to English. There are four types of acronyms in Malay language. The first example is ‘ABIM’ (Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia) and it shows a combination of initial letters from proper nouns. Next, we have the

word ‘MARA’ (Majlis Amanah Rakyat) and it shows a combination of syllables with initial letters or a combination of syllables with syllables. The word ‘pawagam’ from ‘panggung wayang gambar’ displays a combination of syllables and syllables. Lastly, the word ‘debunga’ from ‘debu bunga’ displays a combination of acronyms of the first part of the word with the following part of the word. Other examples of acronyms in Malay are ‘JAKIM’ (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia), ‘STAM’ (Sijil Tinggi Agama Malaysia), and also ‘UiTM’ (Universiti Teknologi MARA).

2.6.

DERIVATION

Derivation is also another most common word formation process other than borrowing in English language. Derivation also involves affixes like prefixes and suffixes in a word to create a new form and meaning of the word. For instance, a noun or a verb can be changed to an adjective by adding the affixes. So, the word is changed to its new form a...