Chap016 - Prescotts 10th Ed. PDF

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Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

Chapter 16 Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

Multiple Choice Questions 1. During generalized transduction A. the host chromosome is degraded into randomly sized fragments. B. any DNA fragment of the appropriate size is packaged. C. any bacterial gene may be transferred to the subsequent host. D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 16.08.01 Differentiate generalized transduction from specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

2. Which of the following is not a strategy that bacteria use to resist the action of antibiotics? A. B. C. D.

Modification of the antibiotic by the acetylation or phosphorylation. Cleavage of a key structural component of the antibiotic. Altering cell membrane structure to prevent antibiotic influx. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.09.02 Describe common mechanisms by which antimicrobial drug resistance occurs Section: 16.09 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions

16-1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

3. Genes for antibiotic resistance can be found in antibiotic-producing bacteria as well as in non-antibiotic-producing bacteria. TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.09.01 Report the common reasons for increasing drug resistance Section: 16.09 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions 4. All of the following are appropriate strategies for overcoming drug resistance in bacteria except A. decreasing the use of antibiotics in agriculture. B. patient compliance with dosage instructions when taking antibiotics. C. heightened infection control in health care facilities. D. prudent use of antibiotics when treating viral infections.

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.09.03 Suggest strategies to overcome drug resistance Section: 16.09 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions

16-2 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

5. One strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance is to use the same antibiotics in animal husbandry as those that are prescribed for humans, since the potential for resistant bacteria to evolve would be limited to only a small number of drug classes. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.03 Human impact on the environment influences the evolution of microorganisms (e.g, emerging diseases and the selection of antibiotic resistance). ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.09.03 Suggest strategies to overcome drug resistance Section: 16.09 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions 6. As pertaining to the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which of the following terms is not directly related to the others? A. Intercalate B. Cassette C. Integron D. Integrase

ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.09.02 Describe common mechanisms by which antimicrobial drug resistance occurs Section: 16.09 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

7. Specialized transduction can be carried out by A. any bacteriophage. B. any temperate bacteriophage. C. only those temperate bacteriophages that integrate into the host chromosome. D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 16.08.01 Differentiate generalized transduction from specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

16-3 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

8. Which of the following is not true of specialized transduction? A. It is carried out by temperate phage. B. It is restricted to those genes on either side of an integrated prophage. C. The phage genome retains the full complement of phage genes. D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.08.01 Differentiate generalized transduction from specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Fill in the Blank Questions 9. A(n) __________ is a latent form of a virus genome that remains within the host without destroying it. prophage

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 16.08.02 Correlate a phage’s life cycle to its capacity to mediate generalized or specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions

16-4 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

10. If chromosomal DNA from a host is the only type of DNA carried by a transducing particle, what can be concluded regarding transduction in this case? A. Transduction in this case is generalized rather than specialized. B. Transduction in this case is specialized rather than generalized. C. Transduction in this case could be generalized or specialized depending on the phage involved. D. Transduction in this case is neither generalized nor specialized.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.08.01 Differentiate generalized transduction from specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

11. If chromosomal DNA from a host and phage DNA are carried by a transducing particle, what can be concluded regarding transduction in this case? A. Transduction in this case is generalized rather than specialized. B. Transduction in this case is specialized rather than generalized. C. Transduction in this case could be generalized or specialized depending on the phage involved. D. Transduction in this case is neither generalized nor specialized.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.08.01 Differentiate generalized transduction from specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions

16-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

12. During specialized transduction carried out by lambda phage in Escherichia coli, differences in the phage and host attachment (att) sites mediate insertion of phage DNA into host DNA. FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.08.02 Correlate a phage’s life cycle to its capacity to mediate generalized or specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions 13. If the att site of Escherichia coli was dissimilar to that of lambda phage due to a mutation, how would transduction be affected? A. Phage DNA would be unable to integrate into host DNA. B. Lambda phage would be unable to package host DNA. C. Specialized transduction would become generalized. D. Transduction would not be affected since mutation is only in the host cell.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.08.02 Correlate a phage’s life cycle to its capacity to mediate generalized or specialized transduction Section: 16.08 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria Topic: Mutations

Fill in the Blank Questions 14. In order to take up a naked DNA molecule, a cell must be __________, which may occur only at certain stages in the life cycle of the organism. competent

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 16.07.01 Describe the factors that contribute to a bacterium being naturally transformation competent Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

16-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

Multiple Choice Questions 15. A microbiologist is working with two genera of bacteria, A and B, to determine if cells are competent. Strains are grown under optimal conditions, and DNA fragments that carry the gene for green fluorescent protein is added to each culture at 20-minute intervals. Samples from each treatment are plated to nutrient agar and incubated, after which the plates are examined under an ultraviolet lamp. The microbiologist observes that all plates of bacteria B contain colonies that are fluorescent, while for bacteria A only the plates from stationary phase demonstrate fluorescent colonies. What can be concluded from these results? A. Both bacteria A and bacteria B cells are competent. B. Competence in bacteria A is constitutively expressed. C. Competence in bacteria B is dependent on the phase of growth. D. Neither bacteria A nor bacteria B cells are competent.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.07.03 Design an experiment to transform bacteria that are not naturally competent with a plasmid that carries genes encoding ampicillin resistance and the protein that generates green fluorescence Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

16. A microbiologist is working with a bacteria strain to determine if cells are competent. Cells are grown under optimal conditions with DNA fragments that carry two genes, green fluorescent protein and ampicillin resistance, and then plated to nutrient agar with and without ampicillin. Following incubation, plates are examined for fluorescent colonies under a UV lamp. Predict the results if cells are competent. A. Fluorescent colonies will be present on both types of plates. B. Fluorescent colonies will be present on the the ampicillin agar plates, but there will be no growth on the nutrient agar plates. C. Colonies will be present on both types of plates, but will only fluoresce on the ampicillin agar plates. D. There will be no growth on either type of plate.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 6. Create Learning Outcome: 16.07.03 Design an experiment to transform bacteria that are not naturally competent with a plasmid that carries genes encoding ampicillin resistance and the protein that generates green fluorescence Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

16-7 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

True / False Questions 17. Stable integration of foreign DNA into a bacterial host genome is generally accomplished through induced plasmid transformation than by natural uptake of free DNA fragments. FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.07.02 Predict the outcomes of transformation using a DNA fragment versus using a plasmid Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions 18. Which procedure is most associated with unsuccessful transformation and degradation of DNA? A. Naturally-occurring transformation with DNA fragments in competent bacteria. B. Induced transformation with plasmid DNA in noncompetent bacteria. C. Integration of DNA fragments in competent bacteria following naturally-occurring transformation. D. Addition of DNA fragments from competent bacteria to live, noncompetent bacteria without artificial induction.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.07.02 Predict the outcomes of transformation using a DNA fragment versus using a plasmid Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions

16-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

19. The transformation frequency of very competent cells is about 10-6, or about 1 in 1,000,000 when an excess of DNA is used. FALSE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 16.07.01 Describe the factors that contribute to a bacterium being naturally transformation competent Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

20. Transformation has been observed in only a limited number of species in nature, but we have found ways to force the process upon other species in the laboratory. TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 16.07.01 Describe the factors that contribute to a bacterium being naturally transformation competent Section: 16.07 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions 21. Complete transfer in an Hfr  F- mating takes approximately __________ minutes. A. 20 B. 50 C. 100 D. 200

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 16.06.06 Outline the events that occur when an Hfr cell encounters an F- cell Section: 16.06 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

16-9 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

22. Predict the outcome of an F+ to F- mating if the F+ cell lacked a functional tra operon. A. Upon entering the recipient, the F factor would be unable to integrate into to host chromosome. B. Conjugation would not occur because there would be no contact between the F+ and Fcells. C. Conjugation would occur, but the F- recipient could not become Hfr. D. There would be no effect on conjugation.

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 16.06.02 Describe the features of the F factor that allow it to (1) transfer itself to a new host cell and (2) integrate into a host cell’s chromosome Section: 16.06 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

True / False Questions 23. When assessing the role of conjugative bacteria in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, it is fair to say that Hfr cells contribute most while F- cells contribute least. TRUE

ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 16.06.04 Distinguish F , Hfr, and F’ cells from each other Section: 16.06 Topic: Genetic Recombination in Bacteria

Multiple Choice Questions

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Chapter 16 - Mechanisms of Genetic Variation

24. An Hfr cell and an F- cell result from conjugation between a donor cell and a recipient cell. Which statement is false ...