Chap019 - Prescotts 10th Ed. PDF

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Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

Chapter 19 Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

True / False Questions 1. Microorganisms do not generally reproduce sexually; therefore, species are usually defined by phenotypic and genotypic similarities. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.01.01 Explain the utility of taxonomy and systematics Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 2. In an approach called __________ taxonomy, relatedness is determined by a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic information. polyphasic

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.01 Explain the utility of taxonomy and systematics Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

True / False Questions

19-1 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

3. Serovars are strains of a species that have distinctive antigenic properties. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

4. Microbial species are collections of strains that share many stable properties in common but differ significantly from other strains. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

5. The type strain is a well-characterized strain to which other strains are compared for inclusion in or exclusion from a particular species. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.02 Microorganisms provide essential models that give us fundamental knowledge about life processes. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-2 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

6. The type strain is the most representative strain of a particular species. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 7. Bacterial strains that are characterized by biochemical differences are called __________. biovars

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

8. Bacterial strains that have distinct antigenic properties are called __________. serovars

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.02.01 Outline the general scheme of taxonomic hierarchy Section: 19.02 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

True / False Questions

19-3 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

9. rRNA signature sequences can be used to place microorganisms in the correct domain. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.03.02 Assess the impact molecular methods have had on the field of microbial taxonomy and phylogeny Section: 19.03 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

10. The G + C content of a DNA sample can be estimated from its TM of a DNA. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.03.03 Compare and contrast nucleotide sequencing and nonsequencing-based molecular approaches used in microbial taxonomy and phylogeny Section: 19.03 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

11. Conjugation is useful for determining relatedness between bacteria at the species level because it never occurs between organisms of different genera. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.05.03 Explain why the concept of a microbial species is difficult to define Section: 19.05 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-4 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

12. Phylogenetic trees show inferred evolutionary relationships in the form of multiple branching lineages connected by nodes. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.04.01 Paraphrase the rationale underpinning the construction of phylogenetic trees Section: 19.04 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

13. Transformation is not useful in determining relatedness between two organisms because it frequently crosses genera. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.04.04 Characterize the challenges horizontal gene transfer introduces in the study of microbial evolution Section: 19.04 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 14. The ______ hypothesis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts developed from freeliving prokaryotes that invaded a precursor to the eukaryotes and established a stable relationship. endosymbiotic or endosymbiote

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.05.01 Diagram the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Section: 19.05 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-5 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

True / False Questions 15. Chromosomal gene exchange is not useful in classification studies because prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.04.04 Characterize the challenges horizontal gene transfer introduces in the study of microbial evolution Section: 19.04 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

16. Extensive horizontal gene transfer between domains greatly simplifies the construction of phylogenetic trees. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.04.04 Characterize the challenges horizontal gene transfer introduces in the study of microbial evolution Section: 19.04 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Fill in the Blank Questions 17. The pace of evolution does not always occur at a constant rate but is periodically interrupted by rapid bursts of speciation; this is known as _________ ________. punctuated equilibrium

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.05.05 Explain the importance of adaptive mutations in giving rise to new ecotypes Section: 19.05 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

True / False Questions

19-6 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

18. Although there are other classification schemes for prokaryotes, the one used in Bergey's Manual is currently considered by most microbiologists to be the most accurate. TRUE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.06.01 Employ Bergey’s Manual to investigate the defining taxonomic elements used for a bacterium or archaeon that is unfamiliar to you Section: 19.06 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19. The second edition of Bergey's manual groups pathogenic species together rather than in phylogenetic groups. FALSE

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.06.01 Employ Bergey’s Manual to investigate the defining taxonomic elements used for a bacterium or archaeon that is unfamiliar to you Section: 19.06 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

Multiple Choice Questions

19-7 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

20. The scientific study of organisms with the ultimate goal of characterizing and arranging them in an orderly manner is ______. A. taxonomy B. classification C. systematics D. identification

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.01 Explain the utility of taxonomy and systematics Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

21. The assignment of names to taxonomic groups is referred to as ______. A. taxonomy B. nomenclature C. systematics D. identification

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

22. The determination of the taxon to which an organism belongs is called ______. A. taxonomy B. classification C. systematics D. identification

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-8 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

23. The science dealing with classification is called ______. A. taxonomy B. nomenclature C. systematics D. identification

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

24. The arrangement of organisms into groups is best described as ______. A. taxonomy B. classification C. systematics D. identification

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

25. A classification system based on mutual similarity that involves comparing as many characteristics as possible is called a __________ system. A. phylogenetic B. phyletic C. phenetic D. determinative systematic

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-9 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 19 - Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity

26. A classification system based on evolutionary relationships is called a __________ system. A. phylogenetic B. phenetic C. systematic D. determinative

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 19.01.02 Draw a concept map illustrating the differences between phenetic, phylogenetic, and genotypic classification Section: 19.01 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

27. Which of the following is useful in biological systematics? A. Physiology

B. Epidemiology C. Ecology D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully explored. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow and Genetics Blooms Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 19.03.01 Review the approaches commonly used to determine taxonomic classification Section: 19.03 Topic: Taxonomy of Microorganisms

19-10 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill...