Dispensa riassuntiva di metodi e tecniche dei test PDF
| Title | Dispensa riassuntiva di metodi e tecniche dei test |
|---|---|
| Author | Margherita Mariani |
| Course | Metodi e tecniche dei test |
| Institution | Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore |
| Pages | 87 |
| File Size | 10.8 MB |
| File Type | |
| Total Downloads | 331 |
| Total Views | 798 |
Summary
Dispensa per il corso diMETODI E TECNICHEDEI TESTa cura di SEMIRA TAGLIABUE STEFANIA BALZAROTTI EMANUELA BONELLI FRANCESCO DE AMBROGIMateriali e documentiDispensa per il corso diMETODI E TECNICHEDEI TEST a cura di SEMIRA TAGLIABUE, STEFANIA BALZAROTTI, EMANUELA BONELLI e FRANCESCO DE AMBROGIMilano 2...
Description
METODI E TECNICHE DEI TEST a cura di SEMIRA TAGLIABUE STEFANIA BALZAROTTI EMANUELA BONELLI FRANCESCO DE AMBROGI
Materiali e documenti
Dispensa per il corso di
22021 021
Dispensa per il corso di
METODI E TECNICHE DEI TEST a cura di SEMIRA TAGLIABUE, STEFANIA BALZAROTTI, EMANUELA BONELLI e FRANCESCO DE AMBROGI
Milano 2021
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Indice
1. Che cos'è e a cose serve la psicometria ............................................................................................................ 5 2. I test psicologici e le scale di misura .............................................................................................................. 23 3. Attendibilità e validità nella valutazione dei test e delle scale di misura ............................................... 39 4. L'analisi degli item ............................................................................................................................................ 53 5. L'errore standard di misurazione .................................................................................................................. 75
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CHE COS’È E A COSA SERVE LA PSICOMETRIA*
* Paragrafi 1.4; 1.5; 1.6 da Fondamenti di psicometria 3/ed di Chiorri, 2019.
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CAPITOLO
13 13.1 Introduzione
I test psicologici e Utilizzo e costruzione OVERVIEW
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13.2 Il concetto di scaling 13.3 La costruzione delle scale di misura 13.4 Conclusioni
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,WHVWSVLFRORJLFLHOHVFDOHGLPLVXUDTXHVWLRQDULVLSRVVRQRWURYDUHLQFRPPHUFLRTXDOFKHYROWDqSRVVLELOHWURYDUOLQHOOHSXEEOLFD]LRQLVFLHQWL¿FKHRSSXUHSRVVRQRHVVHUHFRVWUXLWLGDOULFHUFDWRUH I test utilizzati nella pratica clinica e per l’assessment delle persone devono essere adeguatamente standardizzati e somministrati con una cura ancora maggiore riVSHWWRDOOHPLVXUD]LRQLXWLOL]]DWHSHU¿QDOLWjSXUDPHQWHGLULFHUFD *OLSVLFRORJL WHQGRQRD SUHIHULUHOH VFDOH³XQLGLPHQVLRQDOL´ FKHSUHYHGRQR OD PLVXUD]LRQHGLXQDVLQJRODGLPHQVLRQHSHUFRVuGLUH³SXUD´GHOODYDULDELOHLQTXHVWLRQH7XWWDYLDOHVFDOHPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOLWURYDQRXQODUJRXWLOL]]RQHOODULFHUFD HQHOODSUDWLFDGHOODSURIHVVLRQHSVLFRORJLFD /¶DQDOLVLGHJOLLWHPqLOSURFHVVRGL³SXOL]LD´GHOOHPLVXUD]LRQL/DFRUUHOD]LRQH LWHPWRWDOHYDOXWDODFRUUHOD]LRQHWUDRJQLVLQJRORLWHPHO¶LQVLHPHGHJOLDOWULLWHP *OLLWHPFRQHOHYDWDFRUUHOD]LRQHFRQLOWRWDOHYHQJRQRPDQWHQXWL8QDSRVVLELOH DOWHUQDWLYDqO¶DQDOLVLIDWWRULDOHFKHLGHQWL¿FDFOXVWHUGLLWHPFKHPLVXUDQRODVWHVVDGLPHQVLRQH
13.1 Introduzione
standardizzazione delle procedure
standardizzazione dei punteggi
I test e le scale standardizzate sono gli strumenti maggiormente utilizzati nel ODYRURGHOORSVLFRORJR3RVVLDPRDIIHUPDUHFKHLWHVWHOHVFDOHVWDQGDUGL]]DWH VRQRFRQVLGHUDWLVWUXPHQWLFDUDWWHULVWLFLGHOODSVLFRORJLD,OWHUPLQHVWDQGDUGL]]DWRSRVVLHGHGLYHUVLVLJQLILFDWL • Standardizzazione delle procedureODVWDELOLWjGHLULVXOWDWLqRWWHQXWDXWLOL]zando materiali identici, procedure di somministrazione e di scoring prestaELOLWH ,Q TXHVWR PRGR OD YDULDELOLWj QHOOH PRGDOLWj LQGLYLGXDOL FRQ FXL L GLYHUVLSVLFRORJLVRPPLQLVWUDQRLWHVWHOHVFDOHYLHQHULGRWWDDOPLQLPR1HO TXDQGR$OIUHG%LQHWH7KHRGRUH6LPRQSUHVHQWDURQRDO mondo la prima scala di misura psicologica – per la misurazione dell’intelliJHQ]D±IXURQRLUUHPRYLELOLULJXDUGRDLGHWWDJOLGHOVHWWLQJGLYDOXWD]LRQH Per esempio, consigliarono di svolgere la valutazione in una stanza isolata e WUDQTXLOODLQFXLLOEDPELQRIRVVHGDVRORFRQLOVRPPLQLVWUDWRUHHRYHSRVVLELOHLQSUHVHQ]DGLXQDGXOWRGLULIHULPHQWRFKHSRWHVVHUDVVLFXUDUOR7XWWDYLDO¶DGXOWRGLULIHULPHQWRGRYHYDHVVHUH³SDVVLYRHPXWR´HQRQLQWHUYHQLUH LQQHVVXQFDVRGXUDQWHODVRPPLQLVWUD]LRQH • Standardizzazione dei punteggiODVWDELOLWjQHOO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGHLULVXOWDWL GHOWHVWqPDVVLPDVHYHQJRQRIRUQLWLSXQWHJJLQRUPDOL]]DWLRVWDQGDUGL]]DWL SHUTXHOWHVWRTXHOODVFDOD&LzVLJQLILFDFKHLOWHVWROHVFDOHVRQRVWDWLVRPPLQLVWUDWLDXQFDPSLRQHGLVRJJHWWLYDVWRHUDSSUHVHQWDWLYR,QTXHVWRPRGR
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percentili
qSRVVLELOHSURGXUUHGDWLVWDWLVWLFLFKHULJXDUGDQRLOUDQJHHODYDULDELOLWjGHLSXQWHJJL LQTXHVWRVSHFLILFRFDPSLRQHGLULIHULPHQWR'LFRQVHJXHQ]DXQRSVLFRORJRVDUjSRL LQJUDGRGLFRQIURQWDUHLSXQWHJJLRWWHQXWLGDLVXRLSD]LHQWLFRQLSDUDPHWULGLTXHVWR JUDQGHFDPSLRQHGLULIHULPHQWR4XHVWLGDWLVWDWLVWLFLYHQJRQRVROLWDPHQWHFRQVLGHUDWL FRPH GDWL QRUPDWLYL PD LQ UHDOWj UDSSUHVHQWDQR VROR OR VWDQGDUG ULVSHWWR DO TXDOH YHQJRQRYDOXWDWLLVLQJROLSD]LHQWL6SHVVRYHQJRQRIRUQLWHGHOOHWDEHOOHGLpercentili FKHLQGLFDQRSHURJQLSXQWHJJLRDOWHVWRDOODVFDODGLPLVXUDODSHUFHQWXDOHGLLQGLYLGXLFRQXQSXQWHJJLRXJXDOHRPLQRUHYHGLLO&DSLWRORGLIntroduzione alla statistica per psicologia+RZLWWH&UDPHU 6RQRGLVSRQLELOLWHVWHVFDOHVWDQGDUGL]]DWHFKHPLVXUDQRPROWHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHSVLFRORJLFKHIUD FXL JOLDWWHJJLDPHQWL O¶LQWHOOLJHQ]D OHDWWLWXGLQL O¶DXWRVWLPDOD PXVLFDOLWj OD SHUVRQDOLWjHFRVuYLD*OLHOHQFKLGHLWHVWFRPPHUFLDOPHQWHGLVSRQLELOLVRQRSXEEOLFDWLGD GLYHUVLHGLWRUL$OFXQLGLTXHVWLWHVWSRVVRQRHVVHUHSDUWLFRODUPHQWHFRVWRVLHGHODERUDWL il loro potenziale commerciale e di applicazione pratica spiega in parte il loro costo eleYDWR3HUHVHPSLRHVLVWHXQJUDQGHPHUFDWRSHULWHVWGLUHFOXWDPHQWRHGLVHOH]LRQHGHO SHUVRQDOHGDSDUWHGHOOHLPSUHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHQHJOL6WDWL8QLWL,WHVWGLVHOH]LRQHSRVVRQRHVVHUHXQYDOLGRVWUXPHQWRGDDVVRFLDUHDOO¶LQWHUYLVWDSHUYDOXWDUHOHFDSDFLWjHLO SRWHQ]LDOH GHL FDQGLGDWL , WHVW SRVVRQR FRVu DLXWDUH D VFHJOLHUH LO PLJOLRUH FDQGLGDWR ULGXFHQGR LQWDO PRGR L FRVWLSHU OD IRUPD]LRQH GHOSHUVRQDOH H SHU OD VRVWLWX]LRQHGL FRORURFKHQRQ VRQRFRPSDWLELOLFRQLO ODYRURSURSRVWR$QDORJDPHQWHLQ FRPPHUFLR sono disponibili test e scale di misura creati appositamente per il lavoro clinico con i SD]LHQWLHFRQLEDPELQLGLHWjVFRODUH Sebbene molti di questi test e scale di misura disponibili in commercio siano impiegati DQFKHQHOODULFHUFDVRQRVSHVVRSURJHWWDWLSULQFLSDOPHQWHSHUOHHVLJHQ]HGHLSURIHVVLRQLVWL La maggior parte di questi test non è la scelta ideale per la ricerca, per una serie di motivi: • VRQRVROLWDPHQWHPROWRFRVWRVL&RQVLGHUDQGRFKHQHOODULFHUFDVLWHQGHDXWLOL]]DUH campioni molto ampi, i costi potrebbero essere proibitivi; • VRQRVSHVVRRQHURVLQHOODVRPPLQLVWUD]LRQH0ROWLWHVWHVFDOHGLPLVXUDLQFRPPHUFLR ULFKLHGRQR XQD VRPPLQLVWUD]LRQH LQGLYLGXDOH XQRDXQR GD SDUWH GHOOR SVLFRORJR Potrebbe inoltre essere necessario un training di somministrazione per lo psicologo, FKHFRPSRUWDXOWHULRULFRVWL$OFXQLWHVWSRVVRQRULFKLHGHUHDQFKHSLGLGXHRUHSHU ODVRPPLQLVWUD]LRQHHFLzQRQqVROWDQWRXQFRVWRDJJLXQWLYRPDSXzGLVVXDGHUHJOL individui dal partecipare alla ricerca; • VRQRVSHVVRGHVWLQDWLDOO¶XWLOL]]RFRQSRSROD]LRQLVSHFLDOL,WHVWHOHVFDOHGLPLVXUD XWLOL]]DWHGDJOLSVLFRORJLFOLQLFLSHUHVHPSLRSRVVRQRHVVHUHXWLOLSHULGHQWLILFDUHXQD PRGDOLWjGLSHQVLHURVFKL]RLGHLQXQVHWWLQJSVLFKLDWULFRPDQRQKDQQRYDORUHVHDSSOLFDWLDSRSROD]LRQLQRQFOLQLFKH • O¶XWLOL]]RGLDOFXQLWHVWHVFDOHLQFLUFROD]LRQHqULVHUYDWRDSVLFRORJLFOLQLFLTXDOLILFDWL *OL VWXGHQWL QRQ SRVVRQR TXLQGL DYHUYL DFFHVVR , GLSDUWLPHQWL XQLYHUVLWDUL SHUz spesso mettono a disposizione una serie di test a uso degli studenti sotto la superviVLRQHGLXQPHPEURTXDOLILFDWR
strumenti di misura
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13.2 Il concetto di scaling )UHTXHQWHPHQWHJOLSVLFRORJLVLULIHULVFRQRDOFRQFHWWRGLVFDODRscaling in relazione ai WHVWHDOOHPLVXUHSVLFRORJLFKH,OWHUPLQH³VFDOD´qGHILQLWRFRPHXQVLVWHPDGLFODVVLILFD]LRQHJUDGXDWRHFLzqSUREDELOPHQWHVXIILFLHQWHSHUFRPSUHQGHUHO¶XVRGLTXHVWRFRQFHWWRQHOODFRVWUX]LRQHGHLWHVWRYYHURJOLLQGLYLGXLVRQRFODVVLILFDWLQXPHULFDPHQWHLQ EDVHDLSXQWHJJLFKHKDQQRRWWHQXWRDOORVWUXPHQWR ,WHVWHOHVFDOHGLPLVXUDSVLFRORJLFKHYHQJRQRIUHTXHQWHPHQWHGHVFULWWHFRPHXQLGLPHQVLRQDOLRPRQRGLPHQVLRQDOL,QXQDVFDODXQLGLPHQVLRQDOH le correlazioni tra gli item HPHUJRQRFRPHULVXOWDWRGLXQDVLQJRODGLPHQVLRQHVRWWRVWDQWHÊFRPHPLVXUDUHLOSHVR GLSHUVRQHXWLOL]]DQGRGLIIHUHQWLELODQFHODFRUUHOD]LRQHWUDOHPLVXUD]LRQLGHOSHVR HIIHWWXDWHFRQGLIIHUHQWLELODQFHVDUjDOWD8QDVFDODPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHSRVVLHGHGXHRSL GLPHQVLRQL VRWWRVWDQWL FKH ULVXOWDQR LQ XQ SDWWHUQ GL FRUUHOD]LRQH LQ FXL VRQR SUHVHQWL JUXSSLGLLWHPJOLLWHPWHQGRQRDFRUUHODUHIUDORURDOO¶LQWHUQRGHOSURSULRJUXSSRPDQRQ SUHVHQWDQRFRUUHOD]LRQLFRQJOLLWHPGHJOLDOWULJUXSSLRTXHVWHFRUUHOD]LRQLVRQRGHEROL ,QTXHVWRFDVRqFRPHVHPLVXUDVVLPRLOSHVRGLSHUVRQHXWLOL]]DQGRGLYHUVHELODQFHHODORURDOWH]]DFRQFLQTXHGLIIHUHQWLPHWUL,QTXHVWRFDVRFLDVSHWWHUHPPRSHULO campione di persone: • IRUWHFRUUHOD]LRQHLQWHUQDWUDOH PLVXUD]LRQLGHOSHVRHIIHWWXDWHFRQOH GLIIHUHQWL bilance; • IRUWH FRUUHOD]LRQH LQWHUQD WUD OH PLVXUD]LRQL GHOO¶DOWH]]D HIIHWWXDWH FRQ L GLYHUVL metri; • GHEROHFRUUHOD]LRQHWUDOHPLVXUD]LRQLGHOSHVRHOHPLVXUD]LRQLGHOO¶DOWH]]D &LzDYYLHQHVHPSOLFHPHQWHSHUFKpOHQRVWUHGLYHUVHPLVXUHDQDORJDPHQWHDGLYHUVL LWHPVXXQTXHVWLRQDULRPLVXUDQRGXHFRVHGLYHUVHPDQRQGHOWXWWRLQGLSHQGHQWLSHVR HDOWH]]D 4XDOHGLTXHVWLPHWRGLqLOPLJOLRUH"/DULVSRVWDEUHYHqFKHSHUODPDJJLRUSDUWHGHJOL RELHWWLYLGLULFHUFDO¶LGHDOHqXQDVFDODXQLGLPHQVLRQDOHSRLFKpFLzLPSOLFDODPLVXUD]LRQHGLXQD GLPHQVLRQHUHODWLYDPHQWH³SXUD´,Q DOWUHSDUROHXQDVFDOD XQLGLPHQVLRQDOH SXzHVVHUHSHQVDWDFRPHLOWHQWDWLYRGLPLVXUDUHXQVLQJRORFRQFHWWR7XWWDYLDOHVFDOH PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOLSRVVRQRULYHODUVLSLXWLOLQHOODSUDWLFDLQTXDQWRRIIURQRXQDPLVXUD SLDUWLFRODWDGHOcostrutto3HUHVHPSLRXQDPLVXUDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOHSHUO¶LQWHOOLJHQ]D qLQJUDGRGLSUHGLUHLQPRGRSLSUHFLVRLOVXFFHVVRGHOSHUFRUVRXQLYHUVLWDULRGLXQD misura unidimensionale, mostrando come le diverse dimensioni dell’intelligenza predicaQRLOVXFFHVVRXQLYHUVLWDULR
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costrutto
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13.3 La costruzione delle scale di misura $TXHVWRSXQWRqLPSRUWDQWHVRWWROLQHDUHFKHLWHVWHOHVFDOHGLPLVXUDSVLFRORJLFKHQRQ YHQJRQRFUHDWLVHPSOLFHPHQWHVXOODEDVHGLWHFQLFKHVWDWLVWLFKH,GHDOPHQWHORSVLFRORJR FKHFRVWUXLVFHXQDVFDODGLPLVXUDDYUjIDPLOLDULWjFRQOHWHRULHHOHULFHUFKHSHUWLQHQWL ULJXDUGDQWLLOFRVWUXWWRFKHLQWHQGHPLVXUDUH3RWUHEEHLQROWUHFRQRVFHUHLFRQFHWWLDIILQL O¶RSLQLRQHGHJOLHVSHUWLHDYHUHOHLQIRUPD]LRQLUDFFROWHGDFDPSLRQLGLSHUVRQHUHODWLYDPHQWH D FRPH SHUFHSLVFRQR GHILQLVFRQR HG HVSHULVFRQR TXHO FRQFHWWR 3HU HVHPSLR FRPHYLHQHYLVWDODGHSUHVVLRQH"/HLQIRUPD]LRQLUHODWLYHDOFRVWUXWWRGHOODGHSUHVVLRQH SRVVRQRFRQWULEXLUHDOODFUHD]LRQHGLXQLQVLHPHGLLWHPSHUWLQHQWLHDSSURIRQGLWLFRQFXL LQL]LDUHODFRVWUX]LRQHGHOODVFDOD,SXQWLVHJXHQWLVRQRSDUWLFRODUPHQWHLPSRUWDQWL • ÊLPSRUWDQWHFRPSLHUHXQRVIRU]RSHUVSHFLILFDUHODQDWXUDGHOFRQFHWWRFKHVLYXROH PLVXUDUHFKLHGHQGRVLSHUHVHPSLRFKHFRVDVLLQWHQGHSHUVROLWXGLQHGHSUHVVLRQHR burnout GHO SHUVRQDOH 5LIOHWWHQGRFL VRSUD FL VL UHQGH FRQWR FKH SRWHQ]LDOPHQWH SRWUHEEHURHVVHUFLPROWHGLIIHUHQWLVIDFFHWWDWXUHGHOFRVWUXWWRFKHqQHFHVVDULRLQFRUSRUDUHQHOO¶LQVLHPHGLLWHPFKHFRPSRUUjLOWHVWRODVFDODGLPLVXUD]LRQH
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